publisher. ISBN 1-59905-201-6 Printed in the United States of America 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Introduction Grammar is a very old field of study. Did you know that the sentence was first divided into subject and verb by Plato, the famed philosopher from ancient Greece? That was about 2,400 years ago! Ever since then, students all over the world have found it worthwhile to study the structure of words and sentences. Why? Because skill in speaking and writing is the hallmark of all educated people. Lesson by lesson, this book provides basic instruction in the eight parts of speech--nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections--as well as the standard patterns of English sentences. All students of English, be they native speakers or those who are studying English as a second language, will profit from the fundamental introduction and review of
1 KLM 9 ENIRO 2 FARWEK 10 SAUREX 3 TALLEGG 11 MIZDE 4 VESITERM 12 LADA 5 STOW 13 SCHWUNG 6 KALEV 14 MAIASMOKK 7 YAMAHA 15 ISKU 8 ESTRAVEL 2 Affirmative tense Use Signal Words Negative/Questions · action in the present taking always, Present Simple A: He speaks. place once, never or several every ..., N: He does not speak. normally, often, Q: Does he speak? times seldom,
.. (7 win) lots of prizes. She ... even ... (8 be) on TV. Kelly ... (9 break) her arm twice while doing a jump on the ice, but she's OK now. Last year she ... (10 travel) to Canada to practise in a training camp. I'm sure sometime in the future she ... (11 win) an Olympic medal. By that time, I ... (12 be) a famous author and she ... (13 ask) me to write a book about her way to the top. That's why I ... (14 start) taking notes of her and my other classmates' results. 3. Complete the exercise with the verbs in the past simple, the past continuous, or the past perfect tense. Do you remember? I went I was / we were going I had gone I couldn't wait for the first day of school to show off the new bike which I ... (1 get) as a birthday present. As I ... --- 5 (2 want) to look cool riding up to the front steps, I ... (3 put) on my new skirt. When I ... (4 reach) the school, I ... (5 make) a big mistake and ... (6 smile) at my friends instead of watching where I was going
c) After leaving school, Ann studied/trained as a teacher. d) Peter decided not to go in/enter for the examination. e) My sister learned/taught me how to draw. f) I can't come to the cinema. I have to read/study for a test. g) In history we had to learn a lot of dates by hand/heart. h) I hope your work will improve by the end of course/term. i) Martin failed/missed his maths exam and had to sit it again. j) If you have any questions, raise/rise your hand. Task 2. Complete each sentence with a word from the box. Use each word once only. cheat copy memorise pay revise concentrate divide pass punish underline a) Our teachers used to punish us by making us stay behind after school. b) If you…….twenty-seven by nine, the answer is three. c) Try to……. the most important rules. d) It is difficult to …….attention in a noisy classroom. e) Pauline tried her best to …….the end of year examinations.
resemblance between my dad and me. I can't see it myself, not facially anyway 3 Well, she would keep driving too 2 1 bring about 5 go ahead although there are certain similarities fast in the town. 2 fall through 6 go down with in our physical build. I also seem to 4 Well, he would keep misbehaving 3 tip off 7 come to have inherited his big feet, unluckily in class. 4 come up with 8 mistake for for me. It was the first thing my parents 5 Well, you would keep eating too noticed when I was born! 3 1 Laura was offered a place at much. Personality-wise, I've got a lot of my Manchester University but she dad's traits in me
Students' own answers pointing to his sister's ice cream. 5 The thief grabbed my bag and ran The photos are connected with the 1B Past and perfect tenses off. topic of school. Both photos show page 4 6 He dropped a leaf into the water students in class. In the first photo I imagine that 1 1 ate and watched it drift under the they're about 13 years old. 2 have/'ve met bridge.
Golden Grammar rules 1. Don't use an with own. Sue needs her own room. (NOT Sue needs an own room.) I'd like a phone line of my own. (NOT ... an own phone line.) 2. Use or rather to correct yourself. She's German or rather, Austrian. (NOT She's German or better, Austrian.) I'll see you on Friday or rather, Saturday. 3. Use the simple present play(s), rain(s) etc to talk about habits and repeated actions. I play tennis every Saturday. (NOT I am playing tennis every Saturday.) It usually rains a lot in November. 4. Use will ..., not the present, for offers and promises. I'll cook you supper this evening. (NOT I cook you supper this evening.)
Exercises 1. Use the Present Simple of the verb be or have. ( 10 points ) Mary........blue eyes and blond hair, but her brother ........dark hair. He ........in his late twenties. He........married and........two sons. I........short, but my sister........tall. We........a dog and a cat. Our uncle........two dogs. They........brown. 2. Choose the correct item. ( 5 points ) e.g. The residents were made...D....their homes by the authorities. A leave B leaving C left D to leave 1) Ann is my best friend! We........each other for years A know B knew C knows D have known 2) Nicky........to San Francisco when the accident happened. A flies B has flown C was flying D has been flying 3) Why don`t you let her........her story?
· It is important to think about the person who you are writing to before you begin writing a letter. If the wrong style is used, the letter will look impolite, silly or odd. For example, if you used formal language to write to a close friend, the letter would look odd, or if you used informal language to write a letter to a company, the letter would look impolite. · There are certain characteristics which allow us to distinguish between formal and informal letters. These are: ~ The salutation (e.g. Dear Sir/Madam, Dear Bill) ~ The style or language (e.g. use of formal language for formal letters, or the use of slang and idioms for informal letters) ~ The closing remarks (e.g. Yours faithfully, Lucy Cohen ; Yours sincerely, Lucy Cohen / Love, Lucy) Note: 1. In formal letters your address and the date as well as the recipient's address are included in the letter. When you do not know the name of the recipient, you should include their title in the
· The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM. · When do we board the plane? Examples: · The party starts at 8 o'clock. · When does class begin tomorrow? · I play tennis. · She does not play tennis. USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs) · Does he play tennis? · The train leaves every morning at 8 AM. · The train does not leave at 9 AM. · When does the train usually leave? · She always forgets her purse. · He never forgets his wallet. Examples: · Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun
Comment on examples (from where the example is taken how it is used explain all). NB! Comments everywhere. You have right to: · Supervisor discusses and specifies the topic with you; · Supervisor gives a tutorial where the supervisor sets general directions for your paper and recommends a book (source) for your study; · Supervisor reads your rough sketch (and if necessary checks faults); BUT! Supervisor does not have to correct your language. The talk at the defense: a kind supervisor gets together with you and makes together your talk. As you start reading literature do not trust every word you see. Often we need a second opinion (usually of your Supervisor or ask a more competent person). Where to get second opinion use our audience, or if writing on literature Maailmakirjanduse õppetool. Bibliography: the sources you have sited in your work: -term paper 10-15 sources (1 page),
FGI 1081 Stilistika (Irina Ladusseva) Kab. 420 2 AP Ends with an exam; lasts only for 1 semester. At the exam you get 2 questions and an exercise (50 sentences: establish the device used, recognize it, and name it). Care about the pronunciation of the terms. Books: - I. Galperin "Stylistics" - I. Ladusseva "Rhythm and Text" - I. Ladusseva "Vocabulary and Style" - I. Ladusseva "Stylistic practice: Book I, Book II" - I
Questions: a) Under what branch of literacy the given text goes to? ...................................................................................................... ............................................................ b) Who is the storyteller? ...................................................................................................... ............................................................. c) Describe her character with tree sentences. ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... ....................................................
Vocabulary 30 questions Reading Comprehension 30 questions SECTION 1: LISTENING COMPREHENSION This section of the TOEFL test your ability to understand spoken American English. You will hear taped conversations to which you will make responses. Part A and B contain samples of informal American English. Idiomatic expressions and two-word verbs are common in these parts. Single Statement In Part A you will hear a single statement made by a man or a woman. In your test booklet, there are four sentences. You must choose the sentence that is closest in meaning to the one you heard. YOU WILL HEAR: To get to the post office, cross the street, go three blocks, and you'll see it right on the corner. YOU WILL SEE: (A) The post office is right on the corner. (B) The post office is at the next corner. (C) The post office has a cross near it.
Under severe space limitations, I could not expend as many pages as would be needed to explain the basics of formal syntax, without having to omit presentation of some philosophical issues I consider essential to competence in the field. Since around 1980, some philosophers of language have taken a turn toward the philosophy of mind, and some have engaged in metaphysical exploration of the relation or lack thereof between language and reality. These adversions have captured many philosophers' interest, and some fine textbooks have focused on one or both (for example, Blackburn 1984; Devitt and Sterelny 1987). But I have chosen otherwise. Whatever the merits of those sorts of work, I have not found that either helps us sufficiently to understand spe- cifically linguistic mechanisms or the core issues of philosophy of language itself. This book will concentrate on those mechanisms and issues. (Readers
Style The term style is a polysemantic one. The latin word ,,stilus" meant a writing instrument used by the ancients for writing on waxed tablets. Already, in classical latin the meaning of style was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. One of the abts/the best was given by Jonathan Swift: ,,Proper words in proper places." In present- day english, the world style is used in about half a dozen basic meanings. 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his ideas. Some speak about the style of Hemingway, Dickens etc. 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period. Style of symbolism, romanticism 3. the use of language to pick a literary genre-comedy, novel, drama, O.D (poetic form) etc. 4
1 SYNTACTIC STYLISTIC DEVICES SYNTACTIC STYLISTIC DEVICES are based on a peculiar place of the word or phrase in the utterance (text, sentence, etc).This special place creates emphasis irrespective of the lexical meaning of the words used. Categories: syntactic stylistic devises based on: SDD: based on ABSENCE OF LOGICALLY REQUIRED ELEMENTS OF SPEECH ELLIPSIS ELLIPSIS or ELLIPTICAL SENTENCES means leaving out one or both principle members of the sentence that is the subject or predicate. NT: Where is the man I'm going to marry? - Out in the garden. (no subject) What is he doing out there? - Annoying father. Here, in the dialogue, ellipsis creates the colloquial tone of the utterance
'Tis sin alone that moves his heart to anger, And heaven's interest is his only motive. DORINE Of course. But why, especially of late, Can he let nobody come near the house? Is heaven offended at a civil call That he should make so great a fuss about it? I'll tell you, if you like, just what I think; (Pointing to Elmire) Upon my word, he's jealous of our mistress. MADAME PERNELLE You hold your tongue, and think what you are saying. He's not alone in censuring these visits; The turmoil that attends your sort of people, Their carriages forever at the door, And all their noisy footmen, flocked together, Annoy the neighbourhood, and raise a scandal. I'd gladly think there's nothing really wrong; But it makes talk; and that's not as it should be. CLEANTE Eh! madam, can you hope to keep folk's tongues From wagging? It would be a grievous thing If, for the fear of idle talk about us, We had to sacrifice our friends. No, no;
1. Be ready to explain the terms (lecture 1): language, linguistics, synchronic approach to language, diachronic approach to language, linguistic competence, linguistic performance, what is grammar?, prescriptive grammar vs. descriptive grammar; phonology, phonetics, phone, allophone, phoneme; morphology, morphemes (types of morphemes), morphs, allomorphs, types of affixes, derivational affixes, inflectional affixes; open vs closed class words; syntax. Language: a systematic, conventional use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. - human language at all levels is rule- or principle-governed. Linguistics: the scientific study of human natural language Synchronic approach to language: Diachronic approach to language: Linguistic competence: Linguistic performance: What is grammar?: "The sounds and sound patterns, the basic units of meaning, such as
You will write more confidently and more correctly if you check everything you write. Pay particular attention to the following: · Appropriate Subject Heading Take care to prepare your reader by introducing the subject appropriately in your subject heading. · Carefully Organized Information If a reader needs to be persuaded or convinced, your information will need careful planning and organizing. · Correct Grammar and Spelling Train yourself to check for major grammatical errors, words which are commonly misspelt and sentences which are incomplete. · Suitable Style and Tone The style and tone must match the message and its reader. You cannot, for example, write a memo to a colleague in the same style and tone as you might use when speaking on the telephone to a friend.
People and Behaviour 1. Underline the most suitable word or phrase. a) Please don't push. It's very bad-tempered/rude/unsympathetic. b) Jack hates spending money. He's rather frank/greedy/mean. c) Our teacher is very proud/strict/tolerant and won't let us talk in class. d) Helen never does her homework. She is rather gentle/lazy'/reliable. e) I didn't talk to anyone at the party because I felt ambitious/lonely/shy. f) When Harry saw his girlfriend dancing with Paul he felt jealous/selfish/sentimental. g) I don't like people who are noisy and aggressive/courageous/sociable. h) Thanks for bringing us a present. It was very adorable/grateful/thoughtful of you. i) Teresa never gets angry with the children. She is very brave/patient/pleasant.
STYLISTICS 1. Style, stylistics, a survey of stylistic studies The term ,,style" is polysemantic. Latin ,,stilus"--a writing instrument used by the ancients for writing on waxed tablets. Soon, the meaning was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. Jonathan Swift said: ,, Style is proper words in proper places" Present day--half a dozen meanings: · the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his ideas (Style of Byron) · the manner of expressing ideas characteristic of a literary movement or period (symbolism, romanticism) · the use of lg. typical of a literary genre (comedy, drama, novel) · the selective use of lg that depends on spheres of human activity. These
Extended Rules for Using Commas Comma Use 1. Use commas to separate independent clauses when they are joined by any of these seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet. The game was over, but the crowd refused to leave. The student explained her question, yet the instructor still didn't seem to understand. Yesterday was her brother's birthday, so she took him out to dinner. 2. Use commas after introductory a) clauses, b) phrases, or c) words that come before the main clause. a. Common starter words for introductory clauses that should be followed by a comma include after, although, as, because, if, since, when, while. While I was eating, the cat scratched at the door. Because her alarm clock was broken, she was late for class. If you are ill, you ought to see a doctor. When the snow stops falling, we'll shovel the driveway. However, don't put a comma after the main clause when a dependent (subordinate) clause
a) I'm afraid the children have been very badly-behaved today. b) I felt a bit frightened when I went into the dark room. c) Jean was very unhappy when her kitten was run over. d) This film we saw last night was rather boring. e) This is a really interesting book. You must read it. f) I'm so happy that Helen has got the job she wanted. g) Sometimes when I hear the news I feel very miserable. h) Sorry I gave you the wrong tickets. I got a bit mixed up. 3. Complete each sentence with a word or phrase from the box. Use each word or phrase once only. blush grin shake your head scream cry nod your head wave yawn a) When you feel embarrassed you might e) When you feel upset you might b) When you feel tired or bored you might f) When you want to show disagreement you might c) When you want to show agreement you might g) When you are scared or in pain you might
1. STYLE The term "style" is polysemantic (has many meanings): a Latin word "stilus" originally meant a writing instrument used by ancient people. Already in classical Latin the meaning was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. Jonathan Swift defined style as "proper words in proper places". In present day English the word "style" is used in about a dozen of principle meanings: 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his/her ideas (e.g. style of Byron) 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period 3. the use of language typical of a literary genre (e.g. the style of a comedy, drama, novel). 4. the selective use of language that depends on spheres / areas of human activity (e.g
Broadly, there are three aspects to the study which are Pragmatics (studies the use of language → interested in the gap between the sentence’s meaning and the speaker’s meaning). Semantics (concerned with the meaning of the language aspects and the way they change, also how objects and language and thinking and language are related). Syntax (concerned with the rules [grammar] and how sentences and words are formed). Synchronic approach to language → A focus in language study on how language exists in one moment in time, not at how this language came to be the way it is now. Example Estonian in the 21st century. Diachronic approach to language → A focus in language study on how a language has changed over some period of time. In a way it is comparing language to what it was and how it is now. For example comparing 18th century and 19th century Estonian.
" --Laura Roden, chairman of the Silicon Valley Association of Startup Entrepreneurs and a lecturer in Corporate Finance at San Jose State University "With this kind of time management and focus on the important things in life, people should be able to get 15 times as much done in a normal workweek." --Tim Draper, founder of Draper Fisher Jurvetson, financiers to innovators including Hotmail, Skype, and Overture.com "Tim has done what most people only dream of doing. I can't believe he is going to let his secrets out of the bag. This book is a must read!" --Stephen Key, top inventor and team designer of Teddy Ruxpin and Lazer Tag and a consultant to the television show American Inventor ALSO BY TIMOTHY FERRISS The 4-Hour Workweek Copyright © 2010 by Tim Ferriss All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Crown Archetype, an imprint of the Crown Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York. www.crownpublishing.com
ccc_tracy_fm_i-xviii.qxd 7/7/03 3:22 PM Page vi ccc_tracy_fm_i-xviii.qxd 7/7/03 3:22 PM Page vii Foreword If you are ready to leverage yourself to greatness and achieve giant results, you have the right road map in your hands.You have before you the DNA of your future. All you need to create a wonderful fu- ture for yourself is to read this book, decide how you are going to apply it to your own life, write out a plan, and then go forth with en- thusiasm and make it happen. I have a confession to make. I am one of Brian’s raving fans. I have studied him, his brilliant work, and the extraordinary results he has achieved. I am also one of his close colleagues and friends. We have worked together on many platforms, and met and talked with each other on numerous occasions.
In the Olympic Peninsula of northwest Washington State, a small town named Forks exists under a near-constant cover of clouds. It rains on this inconsequential town more than any other place in the United States of America. It was from this town and its gloomy, omnipresent shade that my mother escaped with me when I was only a few months old. It was in this town that I'd been compelled to spend a month every summer until I was fourteen. That was the year I finally put my foot down; these past three summers, my dad, Charlie, vacationed with me in California for two weeks instead. It was to Forks that I now exiled myself-- an action that I took with great horror. I detested Forks. I loved Phoenix. I loved the sun and the blistering heat. I loved the vigorous, sprawling city. "Bella," my mom said to me -- the last of a thousand times -- before I got on the plane. "You don't have to do this." My mom looks like me, except with short hair and laugh lines
To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson/Allyn and Bacon, Permissions Department, 501 Boylston Street, Suite 900, Boston, MA 02116 or fax your request to 617-671-229°. Between the time website information is gathered and then published, it is not unusual for some sites to have closed. Also, the transcription of URLs can result in typographical errors. The publisher would appreciate notification where these errors occur so that they may be corrected in subsequent editions. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cialdini, Robert B. Influence: science and practice / Robert B. Cialdini.-sth ed. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-205-6°999-4 ISBN -10: 0-205-6°999-6 1. Influence (Psychology) 2. Persuasion (Psychology) 3. Compliance. 1. Title. BF774.CS3 2009 153.8 'S2-dc22
always giving her the preference." "They have none of them much to recommend them," replied he; "they are all silly and ignorant like other girls; but Lizzy has something more of quickness than her sisters." "Mr. Bennet, how can you abuse your own children in such a way? You take delight in vexing me. You have no compassion for my poor nerves." "You mistake me, my dear. I have a high respect for your nerves. They are my old friends. I have heard you mention them with consideration these last twenty years at least." "Ah, you do not know what I suffer." "But I hope you will get over it, and live to see many young men of four thousand a year come into the neighbourhood." "It will be no use to us, if twenty such should come, since you will not visit them." "Depend upon it, my dear, that when there are twenty, I will visit them all." Mr. Bennet was so odd a mixture of quick parts, sarcastic humour, reserve, and caprice,
so much noise. I can't hear myself think! f) Darling, I love you so much! I wish we are / had been / would be / could be together always! g) I'm sorry I missed your birthday party. I really wish I come / came / had come / would come. h) I like my new boss but I wish she gave / would give / could give me some more responsibility. i) Having a lovely time in Brighton. I wish you are / were / had been here. j) This car was a complete waste of money. If only I didn't buy /hadn't bought it. 2.- 3.- 4.- Choose the most suitable verb form in each sentence. a) A cheque is all right, but I'd rather you pay / paid me cash. b) Imagine you live / lived in New York. How would you feel? c) If only I have / had / would have a screwdriver with me. d) If you want to catch the last train, it's time you leave / left. e) I'd rather you don't / didn't tell anyone about our conversation. f) I've got a terrible headache
...... 2 Position of Adverbs.................................................................................. 4 Yet, still, already ....................................................................................... 6 Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases An adverb describes a verb, an adjective, another adverb or a whole sentence. Adverbs can be divided according to the information that they give. Types of Adverbs 1. Some adverbs tell us how somebody does something or how something happens. These are called Adverbs of Manner. Please speak quietly. Tom drove carefully along the narrow road. 2. Some adverbs tell us where. These are called Adverbs of Place: She put the book on the table. 3. Some adverbs tell us when. These are called Adverbs of Time. We met them at five o´clock. 4. Some adverbs tell us how often. These are called Adverbs of Frequency. E.g. always, sometimes, often, never, usually, seldom, hardly ever, and rarely:
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