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· Kant idea for a universal history from a cosmopolitan point of view · Hegel - philosophy of right Key dates 1603 Shakespear's King Lear , Death of the Queen Elizabeth 1. 1618-48 The Thirty Year's War 1649 Execution of Charels 1 of England, Establishment of Oliver Cromwell's Prodecorate 1651 Hobbes' Leviathan(1588-1679) 1660 The Restoration of Charels 2. as king of England 1688 The Glorious Revolution of Willim and Mary in England 1689 John Locke publishes Two Treatises of Goverment 1707 formation of the British Parliament Social Contract philosophy: The reasons for entering a social contract and the responsibilities of the goverment *Hobbes: To preserve one's safety *Locke: To preserve one's safety and property *Rosseau: To preserve one's safety, property and freedom, but to guarantee the latter, the goverment also has the responsoility of improving/educating the citizens. Laws are historical
Public International Law is a system of law, different from domestic law. Why is this system unique? Usually law regulates relations between people, people and the state etc, PIL regulates relations between states. Thats why PIL is important for international relation students. PIL influences the life of everybody, it doesn't regulate people directly but indirectly (through the decisions of the states), because it's everywhere. It's like air. E.g. when you want to send a letter to Brazil, you put a stamp from your own country and send it from your post office and the letter gets delivered. Why is this so easy, because there are certain international conventions that regulate postal services. E.g. traffic signs are almost the same everywhere, why? Because of certain int conventions that require the states to have more or less unified traffic signs. States apply international regulations to national regulations and they have to be in accordance with each other, the s
1. Society- people who interact in such a way as to share a common culture. The cultural bond may be ethnic or racial or geographical, based on gender, or due to shared beliefs, values, and activities. 2. Culture- beliefs, behaviors, objects, and other characteristics common to the members of a particular group or society. 3. A unitary state- a state governed as one single power in which the central government is ultimately supreme and any administrative divisions (subnational units) exercise only powers that their central government chooses to delegate. The majority of states in the world have a unitary system of government. 4. A federal state-- a political entity characterized by a union of partially self- governing states or regions under a central (federal) government. 5. A multinational state- A multinational state is a sovereign state which is viewed as comprising two or more nations. Such a state contrasts with a nation-state where a single nation comprises the bulk of the p
that may come in the future. (Wolff, 1996) There are also people who use power to attack even those who do not threat them. They use power just to get the reputation of power as a protection to the future. To conclude, Hobbes sees three main reasons of to attack in the nature condition: benefit, security and fame or reputation. Hobbes mainly leans on the idea that for the search of happiness people usually try to maximize their power. (Wolff, 1996) Locke says that it is possible to live without a state. Nature condition is a condition of total freedom, it is fair and connected to natural laws. (Wolff, 1996) Locke also says that it is obvious that no-one has natural right to rule because the God has not designate anyone to do it. Locke explains that even if we do not have rulers on the Earth, we have the ruler in heaven. (Wolff, 1996) Rousseau believes that it is impossible to live without the state
11.02.09 INGLISE KEEL Palju aega läheb. 10 nädalat aint. One of the ESP courses. What we are going to do, what is needed: · What we do - 1 test, on words. · 2 Essays, that means that we have to look into academic writing · Homereading we read a case from European Court of Justice thingy. · Oral thing. · 90% you have to attend · Have to prepare for class and take part of it etc What we learn: Terms Expressions / collocations (nt obey/abide by the law) Explaining AWOL absence without a leave Legal English can be divided into 3 levels. We learn the first one, which is needed for the other two! You have to know the vocabulary etc. Second level has to do with legal contracts... The third level both 1 and 2 and explaining... We learn the vocabulary + explaining. Process of law-making draft law/bill (seaduseelnõu) is developed draft is sent to the parliament readings(amendments made to the
Broadly, the Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that changed the fundamental perspective of the masses, urging them to foster skepticism and apply scientific principles in matters of religion and morality. Its chief values were: Liberty, Democracy, Republicanism, Religious Tolerance. The movement gained momentum with the publication of landmark texts like Thomas Paine's The Age of Reason, and the Jefferson Bible, but the most influential thinker was undoubtedly John Locke, whose ideas spread to the colonies and across Europe. Main Ideas of the American Enlightenment: The Enlightenment caused a shift in the cultural and social attitudes of the people, bringing in some new and radical ideas. Republicanism: The doctrine of republicanism asserts a system of a government that is elected by the people of the nation. The roots of this ideology go back to ancient Greece, when the concept of a democratic government was examined by
The ticking bomb argument looks at the hypothetical case where a leader of a state is asked to give their permission to torture a captured rebel leader because he (probably) knows the locations of a few explosives that are spread around the city in different apartment buildings. In case they are not found within 24 hours, they will explode and many will be left dead (Walzer, 1973). Is it justified to torture this person to find out where the bomb is? This essay will look in to how it has according to the thinkers in the strand of consequentialism / utilitarianism been labelled justifiable to use torture techniques in combating terrorism and will present the reasons for why this controversial behaviour that democratic governments have been proven to conduct and still are being accused of until the current day is irrational and dangerous. Theoretical justification of torture
descriptive law (kirjeldav õigus) - laws which simply describe how people or even natural phenomenas usually behave nation (riik) - country with its own goverment citizen (kodanik) - person native of a country; realationship between country and a person stranger (välismaalne) - person who is unfamiliar, from another country penalty (karistus) - punishment fixed by law, as for a crime or from any soical groups goverment (valitsus) - organization which controlls a stre or community System of Courts (kohtusüsteem) - organization applying law in the name of states to commit a crime (kuritegu läbi viima) - breaking a law, usually given out by the goverment fine (trahv) - certain sum of money person pays for breaking a law corruption (korruptsioon) - dishonest or unethincal conduct by a person entrusted with a position of authority suspension (kõrvaldamine) - form of punisment that people recieve for violating rules and regulations Civil Action (tsiviilhagi) - lawsuit between two privat
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