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2015-11-30
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THE PRE-RAPHAELITES The PRB was formed in 1848 in London and it was an association of painters, poets, critics, sculptors. It was founded by three Royal Academy students who wanted to brake free from the academic art and return to the moral and descriptive truthfulness that they felt was gone from art. (The Royal Academy of Arts is and institution with a purpose to promote the creation, enjoyment and appreciation of the visual arts through exhibitions, education and debate.). The founders were William Hunt, John Millais, Dante Rossetti. Because of the fact that they were all students they were also very young- the oldest one, Hunt, was 21. They were soon joined by William Rossetti(critic), James Collison(painter), Frederic Stephens (critic), Thomas Woolner(sculptor). The three youthful Pre-Raphaelites deliberately challenged the established view of art, drawing up a manifesto of their intentions and publishing them in the four issues of a periodical called
Chekhov excelled in short stories and became a leading dramatist. The beginning of the 20th century ranks as the Silver Age of Russian poetry. The poets most often associated with the "Silver Age" are Konstantin Balmont, Valery Bryusov, Alexander Blok, Anna Akhmatova, Nikolay Gumilyov, Osip Mandelstam, Sergei Yesenin, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Marina Tsvetaeva and Boris Pasternak. This era produced some first-rate novelists and short-story writers, such as Aleksandr Kuprin, Nobel Prize winner Ivan Bunin, Leonid Andreyev, Fyodor Sologub, Aleksey Remizov, Yevgeny Zamyatin, Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Andrei Bely. After the Revolution of 1917, Russian literature split into Soviet and white émigré parts. While the Soviet Union assured universal literacy and a highly developed book printing industry, it also enforced ideological censorship. In the 1930s Socialist realism became the predominant trend in Russia. Its leading figure was Maxim Gorky, who laid the foundations of this style
Exemplary artist. Andrew Wyeth (mid-C20). He worked in dry-brush watercolor and tempera. His themes included loneliness in nature and the outdoors, and nostalgia. His technique was meticulous and clinically direct. He strived for the verisimilitude of the photograph. His paintings display social and psychological tension and the savagery of the life during the era. He reduced his compositions to their bare essence. Subsidiary artists: Paul Cadmus, Jared French, George Tooker, Ivan Albright. Post-1960 General Trends. Critics searched something to re-establish a connection with the past. The borders between painting and sculpture became blurred. Concept art stressed the idea of the artist over material execution to transform art from physical objects to mental images. Pop Art. Pop Art emerged as an original and irreverent parody of the vulgar imagery and artifacts of the commercial culture. It grew from Action Painting towards objectivity
Exemplary artist. Andrew Wyeth (mid-C20). He worked in dry-brush watercolor and tempera. His themes included loneliness in nature and the outdoors, and nostalgia. His technique was meticulous and clinically direct. He strived for the verisimilitude of the photograph. His paintings display social and psychological tension and the savagery of the life during the era. He reduced his compositions to their bare essence. Subsidiary artists: Paul Cadmus, Jared French, George Tooker, Ivan Albright. Post-1960 General Trends. Critics searched something to re-establish a connection with the past. The borders between painting and sculpture became blurred. Concept art stressed the idea of the artist over material execution to transform art from physical objects to mental images. Pop Art. Pop Art emerged as an original and irreverent parody of the vulgar imagery and artifacts of the commercial culture. It grew from Action Painting towards objectivity
KUBISM Kubism on 20. sajandi kunstivool, mis hakkas kujunema Pariisis 1907. aastal Pablo Picasso ja Georges Braque'i töödes. Kubistide eelkäijaks oli Paul Cézanne. Mõiste "kubism" võttis kasutusele prantsuse kriitik Louis Vauxcelles ja see vihjab kuubist lähtuvale kujutamisele. Kriitik kirjeldas Braque'i töid 1908. aastal väljendiga bizarreries cubiques (kuubilised veidrused). Kubistide eesmärk oli vabastada teos jutustavast sisust ja kujutada asju (muusikainstrumendid, natüürmordid, maastikud jne) geomeetrilistena (kuup, silinder jne), tükeldatud pindadena või stereomeetrilistena (kujutada esemeid ühekorraga mitmest vaatevinklist). Algset kubismi, perioodi, mis algas 1909. aastal, nimetatakse analüütiliseks kubismiks. Seda perioodi iseloomustab motiivide (majad, puud ja natüürmordid) lahutamine justkui algosadeks (geomeetrilisteks kujunditeks) ning nendest uue pildi ülesehitamine. Teine, hilisem vool kubismis, kannab nime s
Italian art is illustrated mostly by 17th-century masters like Bernardo Strozzi and Francesco Trevisani. An important part of the collection belongs to the Russian portrait painting from the 18th-19th centuries, represented by such masters like Dmitri Levitsky, Vladimir Borovikovsky, Vasily Tropinin, and Giovanni Battista Lampi who worked in Russia in the 18th century. The representatives of Russian academic realist painting from the second half of the 19th century are Ivan Shishkin, Ivan Aivazovsky, Ilya Repin. The works by Abram Arkhipov, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, Konstantin Korovin are examples of Russian Modernism from the first decades of the 20th century. The museum has also a small collection of Finnish painting from the beginning of the 20th century. The works by Alvar Cawén, Tyko Sallinen and Väinö Kunnas could be of interest as examples of Nordic painting culture. The museum has a remarkable collection of over 100 miniature portraits, painted by 17th-
The Renaissance Between 14th and 16th century in Europe From French word rebirth It was an age of growth in Europe. New, powerful city states emerged. A new middle class had more and more money to spend. Great artists, writers and thinkers lived during this time. During the Middle Ages many people who lived in the countryside worked on the land that they got from the noblemen. In return, they were protected by them Between the middle and the end of the 14th century, the plague, also called "Black Death" killed almost half of Europe's population. It spread most rapidly in the larger cities where many people lived. This led to economic depression. When the plague slowly decreased in the 15th century, the population in Europe began to grow. A new middle class emerged --bankers, merchants and trades people had a new market for their services. People became wealthier and had more than enough money to spend. They began to build larger houses, buy more expensive cloth
UNO SOOMERE ESTONIAN SYMPHONIC MUSIC. THE FIRST CENTURY 1896-1996. AN OVERVIEW With a Historical and Cultural Summary IN MEMORY OF THE GREAT ESTONIAN COMPOSERS CONTENTS ESTONIA AND THE ESTONIANS FOREWORD IN THE FOLD OF TSARIST RUSSIA. EMERGENCE AND FIRST STEPS ON THE CLASSICAL-ROMANTIC PATH. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION I. MUSICAL LIFE IN TARTU AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY. TRAILBLAZERS: ALEKSANDER LÄTE, RUDOLF TOBIAS, ARTUR KAPP. II. THE FIRST DECADE OF THE 20TH CENTURY. ARTUR LEMBA: THE BEGINNING OF ESTONIAN SYMPHONY AND OPERA. III. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN CULTURAL AND MUSICAL LIFE: THE END OF THE TSARIST PERIOD. THE INDEPENDENT REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA: THE INTRODUCTION OF INNOVATIONS FROM WESTERN ART AND THE EVOLUTION OF NATIONALLY ORIENTED MUSICAL TRENDS. IV. THE TWENTIES. ARTUR KAPP: ROMANTICIST AND DRAMATIST. V. THE INFLUENCE OF NEW WESTERN MUSICAL TRENDS. HEINO ELLER: A PROGRAMME PAINTER.
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