Inglise keelt kõnelevate maade ühiskond ja kultuur (0)

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SOCIETY AND CULTURE OF ENGLISH -SPEAKING COUNTRIES
Introduction

Nowadays , English is so widely spoken that it can hardly be considered “a one nation ’s” language . The main countries where English is spoken are: the U.K, the U.S, Canada , Australia , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , West Indies

There are approx. 300-400 million speakers of English in the world. English occupies the 3rd place by its number of speakers; it is right behind Mandarin and Spanish .

ESL (English as a Second Language) – used in your own country (e.g. India)
EFL (English as a Foreign Language) – used in a foreign country
ESP (English for Specific Purposes) – used in business, airlines , hotels etc.

Settlement colonies – people migrated into them from Britain and started their own communities, they are the present English-speaking countries (USA, Australia, Canada, New Zealand)
Trading Empire (dependencies) – mainly ESL countries; British people were seen more as a small ruling class (India, Africa )

Australia, The USA, Canada, Sri Lanka , India & Pakistan , Irish Free State, Newfoundland , New Zealand, South Africa were the British colonies that became dominions. They were given “ responsible government ” and became part of the Commonwealth . The Head of State was the British monarch . Nowadays, the word “dominion” is not used.

The British Commonwealth of Nations freely unites Britain and its former colonies.
Ireland

The first inhabitants were hunters and fishers from the European mainland in 6000 BC. In 200 BC, the Celts arrived .

Christianity was established during the 5th century by Saint Patrick , who is also Ireland’s patron saint. His feast day is on 17th of March, the day he died.

The English conquest of Ireland began in the 12th century by Henry II.

King James I settled English and Scottish Protestants in the province of Ulster. This has resulted in conflicts between the Irish Catholics and the “planted” Protestants.

Home Rule was the name given to the Movement of Independence in 1916. Ireland demanded independence, self-government and freedom from the UK.

During the 1840s, the population decreased deeply due to Great Famine, which caused death and emigration . Now, population is changing and Ireland has become an immigration country – Irish people are coming back; immigration from other European countries.

Irish Free State was a dominion, which was established in 1921. Six counties of Northern Ireland remained in union with Britain. The Republic of Ireland was established in 1949 and was no longer ruled by the British monarch or part of the Commonwealth.

The official languages of Ireland are English and Irish. At present, less than half have the ability to speak Irish, though it is taught in schools as a compulsory subject . A small number of people use it outside the education system.

Irish language is related to other Celtic languages (Scottish, Gaelic, Welsh , Cornish, Manx, and Breton ). The earliest sources were written in the Ogham alphabet.

The most famous medieval manuscript is “The Book of Kells” written in Latin.

Famous writers of Irish origin : William Butler Yeats , Samuel Beckett , George Bernard Shaw, Seamus Heaney.

There are a lot of Irish people living outside of Ireland. 15 of the US presidents have Irish roots: J.F Kennedy , R. Nixon, R. Reagan , B. Clinton etc.
The West Indies

The West Indies are situated in the Caribbean Sea, between Caribbean and North Atlantic Ocean , north of South-America. They are known by that name because Columbus thought he had reached India when in fact he had reached the islands .

Original inhabitants of the area: Arawak Indians (200 BC) and Carib Indians (AD 1300).

For the Europeans, most of these islands were discovered by Columbus during the 15th century.

The area was colonized by England , Spain , France , Portugal and the Netherlands .

Languages spoken in The West Indies: English, French , Spanish, also Creole and Pidgin (by black slaves). The origin of the people is mostly African, who were brought there for slavery.

Most West Indian countries gained independence during the 1960s -1980s.

The main branches of economy are tourism and companies kept offshore (tax haven ).

Reggae, limbo dancing and salsa have originated from the West Indies.

Religions: Catholicism, various forms of Protestantism , Hindus and Muslims , Rastafarians; many worship the Christian god and African gods at the same time ( witchcraft , voodoo). The reason why there are so many religions is because Europeans brought their own when they colonized and slaves from Africa practiced their own religions, which often combined. Rastafarians are people who practice Rastafari, which is Christianity, combined with Carribbean style. It is pro-African religion , which is against slavery.
Canada

Canada occupies the 2nd place in the world by its area (after Russia ).

The main geographic landforms are: Mountains (Appalachian Mountains, Rocky Mountains, and Coast Mountains). Longest coastline. Huge area of forest and tundra .

There is a great contrast between the size of the land and the number of people. South- East ( Ontario , Quebec ) densely populated South and South-West less densely, rest of the country sparsely.

The native peoples of Canada are:

Indians (The First Nations)
Metis (North American Indian and European descent)
Inuit (Formerly called Eskimos)

Discovery by the Europeans:

St. Brendan – known as the Navigator; discovered in the 6th century; was an Irish monk
Scandinavians - 10th century, first by accident , then Leif Eriksson sighted the land . They attempted to colonize it but were driven out by the locals.
John Cabot – Italian; wanted to reach China ; sighted land in 1497; the exact place is not known; received sponsorship from King Henry VII
Jacques Cartier – French; did altogether three expeditions; visited present-day Quebec City and Montreal

Immigrants :

From 1760s – mostly from France (it was a French colony )
1760s to the end of the 19th century – mostly from the UK (either directly or US Loyalists)
The early 20th century – from Continental Europe (Scandinavians, Italians, Ukrainians)
At present – visible minorities (coloured people) from developing world.

British Columbia has the highest percentage of population of British origin. Quebec has the highest percentage of population of French origin. Also, Ontario has a large number of French-speaking people.

Governor General is the representative of the Queen in Canada, who is also appointed by the Queen. The Prime Minister is the real political leader of the country.

Loyalists were American colonists, who remained faithful to the British Empire during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. They moved to Canada to remain part of the British Empire in the beginning of the 19th century.

Scottish culture is preserved in Nova Scotia.

Coal, diamonds , gold, ammonite and natural gas are important minerals that are found in Alberta.

The main crop grown in Prairie Provinces is wheat.

In Quebec, French is the official language. Quebecois would like to be recognised as a distinct society and independent from Canada as Quebec did not sign the Canadian Constitution.

Nunavut (Our Land) is the territory of the Inuit people in the north that was established in 1999.

First Nations – aboriginal people of Canada
Anglophones – English-speaking people
Francophones – French-speaking people
Allophones – people who have some other language as their mother tongue
USA

Three strong forces (John F. Kennedy):

Religious persecution
Political oppression
Economic hardship

The first permanent British colonies in America were Plymouth (1620) and Jamestown (1607).

Immigrants:

Before the mid-19th century – from England
The second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century – Continental Europe
At present – Mexico , China, India

Native Americans – they probably have West Eurasian origins; used to live on Indian Reservations, now most live off the reservations; tribes have their own government and mainly are in casino business; there has been a rapid growth in their number recently.
Hispanic Americans (aka Latinos) – they are of Mexican, Puerto Rican and Cuban origin; the largest ethnic minority in the US;
African Americans – they are of Western African origin (slavery); it is the second largest ethnic group in the US; issues of Tokenism and racism
Asian Americans – the main countries of origin are China, Japan, Korea, India and The Philippines ; it is the fastest growing race group; their income and

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