There are general L (studies words disregarding particular features of any particular lg); special L (studies specific features of a separate lg, there is Engl that bases on general L); contrastive (compares vocabularys in different languages). 2. Connection of L with other linguistic disciplines a) the word performes a certain grammatical function (nt, he always misses the class, how many misses are there; the girl powders her nose, soliders face powder)In speech words are combined according to grammatical rules. The plural of nouns may carry a new meaning (nt, arms-weapons, looks-appearance, works-plant) b)connected with phonetics. The meaning of a word is expressed by sounds and it depends on the order of sounds(spoonerism) c)history of the lg helps to understand ahanges in the meanings of words (nt, legend ment a book where a life of saints was described) d)stylistics is the sign of expressive means of the language. The same idea may be expressed in
STYLISTICS 1. Style, stylistics, a survey of stylistic studies The term ,,style" is polysemantic. Latin ,,stilus"--a writing instrument used by the ancients for writing on waxed tablets. Soon, the meaning was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. Jonathan Swift said: ,, Style is proper words in proper places" Present day--half a dozen meanings: · the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his ideas (Style of Byron) · the manner of expressing ideas characteristic of a literary movement or period (symbolism, romanticism) · the use of lg. typical of a literary genre (comedy, drama, novel) · the selective use of lg that depends on spheres of human activity. These
_____________________________________ 8 The Spice Girls are making/make a new CD at the moment. _____________________________________ 9 I am thinking/think it's a good idea for you to study biology. _____________________________________ 10 We want to go for a walk but it's raining/it rains outside. _____________________________________ Marks: /10 3 Write questions using the correct tense (present simple or present continuous) for these answers. 1 _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Yes, I have a painting by Picasso on my wall. 2 _____________________________________________________________________________________________ In my free time I watch TV and read. 3 ____________________________________________________________________________________________
Style The term style is a polysemantic one. The latin word ,,stilus" meant a writing instrument used by the ancients for writing on waxed tablets. Already, in classical latin the meaning of style was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. One of the abts/the best was given by Jonathan Swift: ,,Proper words in proper places." In present- day english, the world style is used in about half a dozen basic meanings. 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his ideas. Some speak about the style of Hemingway, Dickens etc. 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period. Style of symbolism, romanticism 3. the use of language to pick a literary genre-comedy, novel, drama, O.D (poetic form) etc. 4
FGI 1081 Stilistika (Irina Ladusseva) Kab. 420 2 AP Ends with an exam; lasts only for 1 semester. At the exam you get 2 questions and an exercise (50 sentences: establish the device used, recognize it, and name it). Care about the pronunciation of the terms. Books: - I. Galperin "Stylistics" - I. Ladusseva "Rhythm and Text" - I. Ladusseva "Vocabulary and Style" - I
51. on a par phr - to be at the same level or standard: The wages various options with their doctor. kirurgia, lõikus of clerks were on a par with those of manual workers. võrdne 75. tanning salon n a place where you get a tan, solaarium 52. palliative care n - ['pælitiv] a medical treatment that will 76. taxation n the system of collecting taxes, maksustamine not cure an illness but will reduce the pain. palliatiivne (ajutist 77. tissue n - a piece of soft thin paper, used especially for kergendust andev vahend või ravim; ka piltl) blowing your nose on: a box of tissues. salvrätik 53.paramedic n - someone who has been trained to help 78. vocation n - the feeling that the purpose of your life is to do a people who are hurt or to do medical work, but who is particular type of work, especially because it allows you to
1. STYLE The term "style" is polysemantic (has many meanings): a Latin word "stilus" originally meant a writing instrument used by ancient people. Already in classical Latin the meaning was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. Jonathan Swift defined style as "proper words in proper places". In present day English the word "style" is used in about a dozen of principle meanings: 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his/her ideas (e.g. style of Byron) 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period 3. the use of language typical of a literary genre (e.g. the style of a comedy, drama, novel). 4. the selective use of language that depends on spheres / areas of human activity (e.g
Aspects of British History presents a brief outline of the most significant milestones in the long and eventful history of Great Britain, such as the five successful invasions of the island, the birth of Parliament and transformation of an absolute monarchy into a constitutional monarchy, the origin of the English language, the rise and fall of the British Empire. The units contain an informative reading text on an important issue, preceded by preparatory discussion questions and followed by notes offering some additional information, and a vocabulary with relevant language notes. The main reading text is accompanied by comprehension, vocabulary and grammar exercises and discussion activities. Some of the units include reading passages. The book is intended for university and school students as well as other English learners wishing to acquire more knowledge about the country whose tongue became
publisher. ISBN 1-59905-201-6 Printed in the United States of America 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Introduction Grammar is a very old field of study. Did you know that the sentence was first divided into subject and verb by Plato, the famed philosopher from ancient Greece? That was about 2,400 years ago! Ever since then, students all over the world have found it worthwhile to study the structure of words and sentences. Why? Because skill in speaking and writing is the hallmark of all educated people. Lesson by lesson, this book provides basic instruction in the eight parts of speech--nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections--as well as the standard patterns of English sentences. All students of English, be they native speakers or those who are studying English as a second language, will profit from the fundamental introduction and review of
When the MCC Transport Manager heard of the problem, he immediately telephoned the Transport Supervisor and asked him to write a short report detailing the background and extent of the problem. Text 1 is the report that the Transport Supervisor drafted out. However, knowing that his report writing ability was not particularly good, he asked his secretary to revise it before she typed it up. Text 2 is the report that was finally sent to the Transport Manager. Read both of the reports and see if you can identify: the changes that the secretary made the reasons for making these changes the effect of these changes TO: Transport Manager FROM: Transport Supervisor (Field Services) SUBJECT: Services Provided by Autocheck Maintenance Company DATE: 6.4.01 Ref your phone call about the maintanance of field vehicles. As I said on the phone, in the past couple of months I've noticed that the standard of service which this
b) Sheila always got good marks/points in algebra. c) After leaving school, Ann studied/trained as a teacher. d) Peter decided not to go in/enter for the examination. e) My sister learned/taught me how to draw. f) I can't come to the cinema. I have to read/study for a test. g) In history we had to learn a lot of dates by hand/heart. h) I hope your work will improve by the end of course/term. i) Martin failed/missed his maths exam and had to sit it again. j) If you have any questions, raise/rise your hand. Task 2. Complete each sentence with a word from the box. Use each word once only. cheat copy memorise pay revise concentrate divide pass punish underline a) Our teachers used to punish us by making us stay behind after school. b) If you…….twenty-seven by nine, the answer is three. c) Try to……. the most important rules. d) It is difficult to …….attention in a noisy classroom. e) Pauline tried her best to ……
to the main issues and theories in twentieth and twenty-first-century phi- losophy of language, focusing specifically on linguistic phenomena. Topics are structured in four parts in the book. Part I, Reference and Referring, includes topics such as Russell's Theory of Descriptions, Donnellan's distinction, problems of anaphora, the description theory of proper names, Searle's cluster theory, and the causalhistorical theory. Part II, Theories of Meaning, surveys the competing theories of linguistic mean- ing and compares their various advantages and liabilities. Part III, Pragmatics and Speech Acts, introduces the basic concepts of linguistic pragmatics, includes a detailed discussion of the problem of indirect force and surveys approaches to metaphor. Part IV, new to this edition, examines the four theories of metaphor. Features of Philosophy of Language include: · new chapters on Frege and puzzles, inferentialism, illocutionary
http://akoaotearoa.ac.nz/download/ng/file/group-4/n2431-esol-teaching-skills- taskbook-unit-1-a---classroom-dynamics.pdf accessed 27.12.2012 III Language teaching methods. · (Traditional: the grammar-translation method/ classical method.) · Traditional: the direct method Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XiQvG-fvzLM Kids lesson (direct method) Language is primarily speech Reading skills are developed through practice with speaking Realia is used to convey the meaning Demonstration instead of translation or explanation Complete sentences instead of vocabulary lists The purpose of language learning is communication Pronunciation Self correction The goals of the teacher are communication, demonstration instead of translation (the teacher used pictures and pointed to yourself....), they studied complete sentences. It is a teacher-centred method. (T. was the leader, asked questions). The teacher and students were sociable and easy-going
casino. Indeed, had Columbus more time and a larger budget to really expand his vision, Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief might have been the beginning of a fun and financially viable franchise. There is surely enough here to warrant revisiting the rest of Riordan's sprawling tale. Hopefully, the next time around, they will take their time and treat the material with the reverence - and sure sense of quip-less wonder -it deserves. Match the words in bold with their definitions · v- to have as parts or members, or to be those parts or members- · n- in Greek mythology, a creature with the head of a woman and the body of a bird- · adj- done or made in a hurried and careless way- · n- a feeling of respect or admiration for someone or something- · adv- away from the correct path or correct way of doing something- · n- something difficult needing a lot of skill, strength, bravery, etc. to achieve it-
words; syntax. Language: a systematic, conventional use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. - human language at all levels is rule- or principle-governed. Linguistics: the scientific study of human natural language Synchronic approach to language: Diachronic approach to language: Linguistic competence: Linguistic performance: What is grammar?: "The sounds and sound patterns, the basic units of meaning, such as words, and the rules to combine them to form new sentences constitute the grammar of a language" Prescriptive grammar vs. Descriptive garmmar: Descriptive grammar: the systematic study and description of a language. Descriptive grammar refers to the structure of a language as it is actually used by speakers and writers. Prescriptive grammar: a set of rules and examples dealing with the syntax and word
be replenished. Concerns for the environment have prompted the formation of green parties, political parties that seek to address environmental issues. Initially these were formed in Australia, New Zealand and Germany but are now present in many other countries. By raising awareness about these issues, we can help contribute to a more environmentally conscious and friendly place for us to live. ADDITIONAL TASKS 1. Translate the italicized prepositional expressions and bold words in the text. Make sure that your translation is appropriate! 2. Make derivations from the following words, using prefixes and suffixes and translate each word: DERIVE, POLLUTE, CONSUME, DESTROY, CREATE. 3. Bring out some facts about the Estonian Green Party. PLASTIC POLLUTION As the world’s population continues to grow, so does the amount of garbage that people produce.
tegevusnime, oleviku kesksõna, mineviku kesksõna) derivational affix liide, tuletusliide, tuletusafiks (e.g. postwar, anti-American, wiser, greenish) parts of speech sõnaliigid English Estonian Definition Example noun (proper, common, nimisõna, Refers to words which denote classes and categories of book, water, sincerity, Mary, concrete, abstract) substantiiv things in the world, including people, animals, Estonia inanimate things, places, events, qualities, and states. Nouns can be divided into proper nouns and common nouns
say), and we share quite a laid-back of the monarchy, others think we approach to life. When it comes to 1 1 Anglo-Saxon 8 Conquest taste, though, I reckon I've got more should do away with it. 2 farming 9 printing press 3 I keep meaning to sort out my in common with my mum. She's got a knack of choosing really brilliant 3 borrowed 10 dictionaries photos but I never get round to it. birthday presents for me, be it clothes, 4 alphabet 11 spelling 4 After my boyfriend broke off our pictures or whatever, basically because 5 Old Norse 12 influenced relationship I bought some new
Letters Letters FORMAL, INFORMAL, TRANSACTIONAL TASK 1 Read the extracts and answer the questions. · Where are the extracts from? · What is the purpose of each letter? · How do they differ? · Which extracts are examples of formal letters? · How is the reader addressed in a formal letter? · What are the closing remarks for formal letters? · What is the salutation in a friendly letter? · How would you end extracts 1,2,3 ? · How would you begin the extracts 4 and 5? 1. Dear Mr Miller,
English structure revision for the exam 1. Terms Language → A systematic, conventional (tavakohane) use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. Human language at all levels is rule- or principle- governed (valitsema) meaning that language corresponds to the grammar. Natural language is usually spoken, while language can also be encoded into symbols (such as letters, morse etc) For example: Estonian, English. Linguistics → The scientific study of human natural language. Broadly, there are three aspects to the study which are Pragmatics (studies the use of language → interested in the gap between the sentence’s meaning and the speaker’s meaning).
3) A outdistance B outdo C outreach D outnumbe 4) A protest B complaint C objection D disapproval 5) A fill B serve C make D form 6) A position B place C stand D stage 4. Complete each sentence, using one of the words from the box. fiction illiterate literature outline shorthand gist illegible manuscript prose unprintable a) The first chapter is based on fact, but the rest of the book is complete ..fiction.. b) David was unable to read the postcard because the writing was …….. c) I understood the ……..of the article, but I didn't read it in detail. d) Brenda's comments were so insulting they were ……..
1 SYNTACTIC STYLISTIC DEVICES SYNTACTIC STYLISTIC DEVICES are based on a peculiar place of the word or phrase in the utterance (text, sentence, etc).This special place creates emphasis irrespective of the lexical meaning of the words used. Categories: syntactic stylistic devises based on: SDD: based on ABSENCE OF LOGICALLY REQUIRED ELEMENTS OF SPEECH ELLIPSIS ELLIPSIS or ELLIPTICAL SENTENCES means leaving out one or both principle members of the sentence that is the subject or predicate. NT: Where is the man I'm going to marry? - Out in the garden. (no subject) What is he doing out there? - Annoying father. Here, in the dialogue, ellipsis creates the colloquial tone of the utterance
1 KLM 9 ENIRO 2 FARWEK 10 SAUREX 3 TALLEGG 11 MIZDE 4 VESITERM 12 LADA 5 STOW 13 SCHWUNG 6 KALEV 14 MAIASMOKK 7 YAMAHA 15 ISKU 8 ESTRAVEL 2 Affirmative tense Use Signal Words Negative/Questions · action in the present taking always, Present Simple A: He speaks. place once, never or several every ..., N: He does not speak. normally, often, Q: Does he speak? times seldom,
8 have you phoned them are looking at the experiment each of the three disasters. 2 1 written 8 was trying and working together. They are 4 1 D 3 F 5 G all wearing uniform it's quite an 2 been meaning 9 came 2 A 4 B 6 E old-fashioned-looking uniform, so 3 got 10 grew 5 1 at first hand 5 maiden voyage I would guess that it's a private 4 fell 11 were chatting 2 tuberculosis 6 mine school, but it could be a state 5 seen 12 walked
I cannot believe that he said it. (Noun clause) 6. Adjectives and adverbs, word forming: Adverbs formed from adjectives ending -ly: 1.) omadussõna lõpul olev -y, mille ees on konsonant, muutub i-ks: · easy / easily · funny / funnily 2.) -ll lõpulistel sõnadel langeb üks l välja: · Full / fully · Dull / dully 3.) -le lõpulistel omadussõnadel jääb -e ära: · Possile / possibly · Able / ably · Simple / simply Mõned -e lõpulised omadussõnad säilitavad -e: · Wise / wisely · Extreme / extremely AGA! Scientific / scientifically; probable / probably... But some words that end in -ly are adjectives, not adverbs and they cannot be used as adverbs: Friendly; lovely; lonely; likely; silly. He is friendly. He speaks in a friendly way. (NOT: He speaks friendly) Sometimes, an adjectives and an adverb have the same form:
of storytelling. " - Bruce Joel Rubin, Screenwriter, Stuart Little 2, Deep Impact, Ghost, Jacobs Ladder Christopher Vogler is a veteran story consultant for major Hollywood film companies and a respected teacher of filmmakers and writers around the globe. H e has influenced the stories of movies from The Lion King to Fight Club to The Thin Red Line. H e is the executive producer of the feature film, PS. Your Cat Is Dead, and writer of the animated feature, Jester Till. MICHAEL WIESE PRODUCTIONS www.mwp.com " T h i s book is like having the smartest person in the story meeting come home with you and whisper what to do in your ear as you write a screenplay. Insight
LEXICOLOGY 1. Size of English vocabulary 1) Old English – 50,000 to 60,000 words Vocabulary of Shakespeare OE – homogeneous; 1/3 of the vocabulary has survived • 884,647 words of running text About 450 Latin loans (Amosova) • 29,000 different words (incl. work, working, Viking invasions added 2,000 worked, which are counted here as separate 2) Middle English – 100,000 – 125,000 words) English becomes heterogeneous (Norman French, • 21,000 words English, Latin), hybrid of Germanic and Romance languages Norman French influence – about 10,000 words, 75 % are still in use (Baugh) Latin influence continues
More praise for Influence: Science and Practice! "We've known for years that people buy based on emotions and justify their buying decision based on logic. Dr. Cialdini was able, in a lucid and cogent manner, to tell us why this happens." --MARK BLACKBURN, Sr. Vice President, Director of Insurance Operations, State Auto Insurance Companies "Dr. Cialdini's ability to relate his material directly to the specifics of what we do with our customers and how we do it, enabled us to make significant changes. His work has enabled us to gain significant competitive differentiation and advantage"
-term paper 10-15 sources (1 page), -graduation paper (2 pages of sources). FGI 1811 Proseminar I. Ladusseva 1 10.09.2002 At the defense aspects that are considered are: - your own contribution (whether it is there and is sufficient) - theory (you should have at least 6-10 connected pages discussing the state of the art) - mechanics (the layout of the paper: font size 12, double space, etc.) - answering questions - performance (pronounce distinctly, make good impression, no language mistakes, etc.) - extra linguistic part (how you stand, how you speak, etc.). Will be checked student's ability to classify, to describe material, to draw conclusions (e.g. you give an example and then comment on it). Internet sources: it is nice to have some Internet sources to show your sophistication, but not too many of them, because they are not very reliable.
Although the makers have agreed to replace the system free of charge, the new equipment will not be installed for at least six months. Such a delay is clearly unacceptable to us. We should therefore insist that ICN send their own engineer to service the equipment. Alternatively, the equipment should be transported to the ICN plant for inspection and repair there. Discussion 1 Although Text 25 is not impossible to read, Text 26 is far easier. This is because in Text 26 the writer uses linking words moreover, however, consequently, although, therefore, alternatively to indicate the relationship between the ideas in the text. This makes it far easier for the reader to follow the writer's line of thought, or argument. Did you, for example, immediately realise that the last two sentences were alternative proposals when you read Text 25? If the writer's line of thought is not made clear to the reader in this way, there is a much greater chance that the reader will
magnificently celebrated. [8] Death of Queen Victoria The Victorian Era came to an end when the symbol of the age, Queen Victoria, died on January 22, 1901. Britain's monarch, who had ascended to the throne at the age of 18, was 81 years old. [9] She was buried at Windsor beside Prince Albert, in the Frogmore Royal Mausoleum, which she had built for their final resting place. Above the Mausoleum door are inscribed Victoria's words: 'farewell best beloved, here at last I shall rest with thee, with thee in Christ I shall rise again'. [7] Wordlist · subsequent(adj)- happening or coming after something else · a withdrawal(noun) - the act of moving or taking something away or back · the Electoral Reform- a group formed in 1884 to work for a change in the way British elections are decided, and to persuade Parliament that a system of proportional representation should be used
Extended Rules for Using Commas Comma Use 1. Use commas to separate independent clauses when they are joined by any of these seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet. The game was over, but the crowd refused to leave. The student explained her question, yet the instructor still didn't seem to understand. Yesterday was her brother's birthday, so she took him out to dinner. 2. Use commas after introductory a) clauses, b) phrases, or c) words that come before the main clause. a. Common starter words for introductory clauses that should be followed by a comma include after, although, as, because, if, since, when, while. While I was eating, the cat scratched at the door. Because her alarm clock was broken, she was late for class. If you are ill, you ought to see a doctor. When the snow stops falling, we'll shovel the driveway. However, don't put a comma after the main clause when a dependent (subordinate) clause
f) I don't believe… spending a lot of money on b) Do you like chocolate cake? I am very fond… it. clothes. c) Young David has got … trouble as usual. g) You look a bit fed… Is anything the matter? d) Are you laughing… me? Do I look funny? h) I'm very keen… classical music, actually. e) That was a terrible thing to do! I'm extremely cross… i) In reply to Jack's questions, Sue shook … head. you! j) Cheer …! Try laughing for a change. 8. Decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each space. Noisy neighbours Julie always thought of herself as an easy going and (1) person, who put up with people's differences. She hardly ever became (2) about anything, and believed that if you treated people well, they would (3) with you. That is, until Alex and Harry moved in next door
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