SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING GUIDELINES Report Composers: Meelika Koitjärv EABM03 000502 Sandra Oisalu EABM03 000484 Tallinn 2004 2 PREFACE The Board of Directors of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) is pleased to release the 2002 Sustainability Reporting Guidelines. From an institutional perspective, it marks the beginning of the cycle of release, testing, review, and revision under GRIs new governance structure. The GRI was launched in 1997 as a joint initiative of the U.S. non-governmental organisation Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES) and United Nations
Just how damaged they will be by pollution is uncertain. Acid rain The term acid rain refers to what scientists call acid deposition. It is caused by airborne acidic pollutants and has highly destructive results. Scientists first discovered acid rain in 1852, when the English chemist Robert Agnus invented the term. From then until now, acid rain has been an issue of intense debate among scientists and policy makers. Acid rain, one of the most important environmental problems of all, cannot be seen. The invisible gases that cause acid rain usually come from automobiles or coal-burning power plants. Acid rain moves easily, affecting locations far beyond those that let out the pollution. As a result, this global pollution issue causes great debates between countries that fight over polluting each other's environments. For years, science studied the true causes of acid rain. Some scientists concluded that human
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS Our environment is constantly changing. However, as our environment changes, so does the need to become increasingly aware of the problems that surround it. With a massive influx of natural disasters people need to be aware of what types of environmental problems our planet is facing. Current environmental problems make us vulnerable to disasters and tragedies, now and in the future. Unless we address the various issues seriously we are surely doomed for disaster. Current environmental problems require urgent attention. 1. Pollution: Pollution of air, water and soil require millions of years to recoup. Industry and motor vehicle exhaust are the number one pollutants. Heavy metals, nitrates and plastic are toxins responsible for pollution
Adventure Tourism Project Management Madli Tuvike There is no such thing as a totally sustainable tourism (Swarbrooke, 1999). Tourism as one of the leading industries in the world is contributing to sustainable development (Mintel, 2005). Tourism needs to cope with changing world and world order, also trends that are occurring. Sustainable tourism is one rising industry in tourism market. Swarbroke (1999) and David (2011) are suggesting that sustainable tourism and sustainability is taking wider part in tourism industry. Moreover, Mintel (2005) states that tourism contribution to sustainable development is being recognised increasingly by governments and international organisations. In addition, United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO, a.i.) states that tourism nowadays takes full responsibility of impacts that it is making, such as current and future economic, social and environmental
Environmental problems Nimi Klass Biodiversity The variety of life on Earth, its biological diversity, is commonly referred to as biodiversity. The number of species of plants, animals, and microorganisms, the enormous diversity of genes in these species, the different ecosystems on the planet, such as deserts, rainforests and coral reefs are all part of a biologically diverse Earth. Appropriate conservation and sustainable development strategies attempt to recognize this as being integral to any approach. In some way or form, almost all cultures have recognized the importance of nature and its biological diversity for their societies and have therefore understood the need to maintain it. Yet, power, greed and politics have affected the precarious balance. Why Is Biodiversity Important? Who Cares? · Why is Biodiversity important? Does it really matter if there aren't so many species?
· Using wind, sunlight, water energy · Reduce fuel consumption Forests are lit · Dumb people · The soil erosion · Inform people · Children playing matches · Loss of habitat · Forbit making fire in dry · Misusage of fire · Loss of biodiversity areas · Lightning · Heat
Human overpopulation Liis Lukk MJ15 What is overpopulation? • Overpopulation is an undesirable condition where the number of existing human population exceeds the carrying capacity of Earth. • Human overpopulation is among the most pressing environmental issues • Overpopulation can result from an increase in births, a decline in mortality rates, an increase in immigration, or an unsustainable biome and depletion of resources • Human population has been rising continuously since the end of the Black Death, around the year 1350 • The most significant increase has been since the 1950s, mainly due to medical advancements and increases in agricultural productivity • The recent rapid increase in human population over the past
Tartu Kivilinna Gümnaasium Liis Viljak 10b Bodyshop Company The Body Shop International plc is a global manufacturer and retailer of naturally inspired, ethically produced beauty and cosmetics products. Founded in the UK in 1976 by Dame Anita Roddick, we now have over 2,100 stores in 55 countries, with a range of over 1,200 products, all animal cruelty free, and many with fairly traded natural ingredients. We were the first international cosmetics brand to be awarded the Humane Cosmetics Standard for our Against Animal Testing policy. And we have our own fair trade
comparatively few people could become learned. Now, theoretically, our electronic age makes learning easier than ever. Well, technology is indisputably better. We can store and retrieve data much more efficiently. We can communicate in a flash. But still, at the basic level, we must be well grounded -- we must possess common sense, civil manners, frank discussion skills, reasoning abilities, and moral fiber. It is possible to be a technological genius, say a computer nerd, without social skills or civil conscience. I'd rather have as a neighbor an illiterate janitor with an easy-going, friendly disposition. Hence, I value what we might call character more than specialist knowledge from an antisocial person. God knows we want everyone to be a well-mannered genius. But humans are not cut out to be happy like pigs in a pen. We instead have insatiable brains, with mental appetites. So our goal is to balance the brainwork with hearts and smiles. "Facts served with sauce."
It has been estimated that the world food production needs to double and meat production increase by 85% by 2050 to fulfill projected demand by population (Karp, 2011). In the recent decades, the food consumption in the most populous counties has shifted from grain-based diets to meat and dairy diets. Meat production requires times more biomass in the form of animal feed and that puts further pressures on natural resources. As food production is very energy intensive, it is closely linked to global energy consumption. Global fuel consumption has grown 50-fold since the end of the 20th century and it is projected to increase by another 55% by 2030 (Umbach, 2010). That is the reason why new resources for fuel are being sought and biofuels receive subsidies, and investment in development. In addition, transport sector is one of the largest primary energy consumers, and as the travel and car ownership is predicted to increase, more fuel needs to be dedicated to transport (Karp, 2011
national standard for biogas as vehicle fuel today. This standard essentially states that the methane content must be higher than 95% and also sets limits for dew point, sulphur content and some other minor constituents. Upgrading of biogas is a relatively new technology but experience from Sweden and other countries shows that it is possible now to upgrade biogas with high reliability and at reasonable costs. The Swedish experience shows that biogas can be an economical sustainable fuel with a potential to drastically reduce emissions in urban transport. Other benefits Wastes do not perish. Instead of that, they become more valuable compost. The weeds in animal compost cannot germinate. Biogas has especially positive health effects in rural areas. Smell of animal compost disappears widely after biogas production. Also, disease agents threatening human health coming from animal waste become inactive. Health Biogas can have significant health benefits
− Assures that the corporation is managed in accordance with state laws, security regulations and conflict of interest situations. Role of the Board in Strategic Management • Monitor developments inside and outside the corporation. • Evaluate and influence management proposals, decisions and actions. • Set corporate strategy, the corporation’s overall direction, mission, and vision. Carroll’s (1979) four responsibilities of business in order of priority … • Economic (must do) • Legal (have do) • Ethical (should do) • Discretionary (might do) *agenditeooria suures ettevõttes, * mis on mission, EKSISTENTS – KES ME OLEMA JA MIDA VÄÄRTUSTAME *suure ettevõtte hierarhia *Mintzberg The 5 Ps of Strategy were created by Henry Mintzberg in 1987. Each of the 5 Ps stands for a different approach to strategy: 1. Plan. 2. Ploy. 3. Pattern. 4. Position. 5. Perspective.
Global Warming One of the biggest issues our planet and its inhabitants are facing nowadays is global warming. Global warming, also often referred to as the greenhouse effect, has not always been a problem. However, over the last centuries, since the Industrial Revolution things have changed. Polar regions are melting, species are dying, climate zones are shifting, migration patterns for animals such as polar bears and birds are being disrupted our world as we know it is changing. Some scientists believe that the climate will reach a tipping point, a point
..............................7 2.1.2. Growth and cost trends................................................................................8 2.1.3. Theoretical potential.....................................................................................9 2.1.4. Benefits of wind energy................................................................................10 2.2. Solar Energy........................................................................................................11 2.2.1 Development, deployment and economics................................................12 2.3. Hydroenergy.......................................................................................................13 2.4. Geothermal Energy............................................................................................14 2.5. Biomass Energy....................................................................................................16 3. Conclusion..................................................
electricity and gas. No strong actor provides unbiased DH support. In the Czech Republic, gas offers DH severe competition. Much DH is produced at the expense of electricity that is considered more valuable, and waste incineration is not popular. In Romania, DH consumption was reduced by one-half. Distribution losses are enormous. New less polluting plants are needed. Consortia from established DH countries could offer DH systems from fuel to customer if local policies facilitate DH development. Introduction This paper describes barriers to district heating (DH) in various parts of Europe and to Swedish involvement in district-heating business abroad. The paper is based on a report called "District Heating in Europe: Barriers to overcome for Swedish export" , which was prepared for The Swedish District Heating Association. The losses by energy conversion in Europe are of the same magnitude as the European heat demand and consist mainly of heat that is wasted by electricity generation
They approach innovation in its broadest sense, including both new technologies and new ways of doing things” – (Porter 1990) ● “An innovative business is one which lives and breathes “outside the box”. It is not just good ideas, it is a combination of good ideas, motivated staff and an instinctive understanding of what your customer wants” – (Branson 1998) ● “...novel implementation of an invention, discovery, new or existing knowledge in economic process” (Joseph A. Schumpeter) ● An innovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), or process, a new marketing method, or a new organisational method in business practices, workplace organisation or external relations” (Oslo Manual). Innovation and entrepreneurship Schumpeter on innovation: the role of inventions and entrepreneurs ● Innovation as “new combinations” of existing
ordinates is 83°N north, 42°N south, 53°W east, 141°W west. Canada borders with United States of America by land; Pacific Ocean, Arctic Ocean and Atlantic Ocean by coastline. Canada is one of the largest countries in the world, second only to Russia in territorial size. It has a total area of 9.9 million square kilometers. This includes 755,170 square kilometers of water. Toronto is the largest city in Canada with a population of 4.3 million. Other major cities include Montreal (3.3 million people), Vancouver (1.8 million people). Located in the southeast corner of the nation, Ottawa is the nation's capital. Relief Canada is a vast country comprised of a multitude of very different landscapes: Atlantic provinces, the Appalachians, St. Lawrence and Great Lakes lowlands, Canadian Shield, The Prairies, mountain ranges and high plateaus of the Canadian Cordillera, and northern Canada. Climate
optimum population in relation to food supply and that an increase beyond that point would lead to a decline in living standards and to war, famine and disease. An increase in the population above the optimum limit would therefore lead to war, famine and disease. A PESSIMISTIC approach Thomas Malthus (1798) proposed his work during the early stages of the industrial revolution when inadequate food and clothing were common features in England. His argument was that population increases (geometrically) or at an exponential rate if unchecked i.e. 1-2-4-8- 16-32 etc Food supply at best increases at an arithmetic rate i.e.1-2-3-4-5-6 etc A PESSIMISTIC approach Malthus suggested that a rise in population, however small, would mean that eventually population growth exceeded increases in food supply and that yields from a given field could not
How to produce bioenergy from agricultural resources without harming the environment Jürgen Aosaar Jaak-Albert Metsoja Ahto Oja BOVA cource on biogas from biomass March 3-7 2008 Tartu Deciduous tree species on abandoned agricultural land Current situation • The long term development plan of the Estonian energy industry foresees a reduction in the use of fossil fuels and an increase in the share of biofuels: by the year 2010 renewable energy must account for 5.1% of total energy consumption Current situation (2) • In Estonia we have abandoned arable land about 400 000 ha, part of it is overgrowing naturally, and another part has been afforested • For short-rotation forestry in Estonia, ecologically and economically the most
Palm oil Palm oil is a type of edible vegetable oil that is derived from the palm fruit, grown on the African oil palm tree. Oil palms are originally from Western Africa, but can flourish wherever heat and rainfall are abundant. Today, palm oil is grown throughout Africa, Asia, North America, and South America, with 85% of all palm oil globally produced and exported from Indonesia and Malaysia; but most of the time not using sustainable measures. The industry is linked to major issues such as deforestation, habitat degradation, climate change, animal cruelty and indigenous rights abuses in the countries where it is produced, as the land and forests must be cleared for the development of the oil palm plantations. According to the World Wildlife Fund, an area the equivalent size of 300 football fields of rainforest is cleared each hour to make way for palm oil production. This large-scale deforestation is pushing many
1.2. Overview of Belarusian economy ....................................................................... 52 2.2. Customs Union of Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan.................................................. 55 2.3. The Business Environment ........................................................................................ 58 2.4. Banking system.......................................................................................................... 59 2.5. Development of Private Sector .................................................................................. 61 2.5.1. Starting a business in Belarus ............................................................................ 63 2.6. Foreign Investment treatment .................................................................................... 66 2.7. Corporate forms ......................................................................................................... 71
reducing internal and external failure costs and working with suppliers to produce the most cost efficient means of manufacturing a product. 8 6. Mutual Success: Among supply chain partners ensures mutual success. Collaborative planning, forecasting and replenishment (CPFR) is a longer-term commitment, joint work on quality, and support by the buyer of the supplier's managerial, technological, and capacity development. This relationship allows a company to have access to current, reliable information, obtain lower inventory levels, cut lead times, enhance product quality, improve forecasting accuracy and ultimately improve customer service and overall profits. The suppliers also benefit from the cooperative relationship through increased buyer input from suggestions on improving the quality and costs and though shared savings. Consumers can benefit as well through higher quality goods provided at a lower cost
ideology and epistemology as standard textbook economics (STE) is based (for my take on this, see Drechsler 2000), and it has had, and still has, similar results. Already more on the defensive within public administration (PA) than STE is within economics, NPM also shows that such major paradigm shifts in theory and policy may actually happen. In addition, it occasionally appears that pae-oriented scholars have overlooked the fact that some features in public management reform, state organization, and the economic interpretation of state functions that they advocate from "Good Governance" to "efficiency" as a goal in itself actually belong into the "other camp" and by and large have a disastrous effect on "industrial" and "developing" countries alike, although the consequences for the latter are much more severe. NPM is the transfer of business and market principles and management techniques
) 4. Ümbertöötlema Recycle that is made using old materials 5. Saaste Pollution like smoke in the air, can be reduced if companies use trains instead of road transport 6. Osooni kiht - Ozone layer - high above the earth's surface, helps to protect the earth from harmful rays of the sun 7. Kemikaal/ tuuma saaste - Chemical/ nuclear waste- dangerous substance which pollutes nature 8. Globaalne soojenemine - Global warming - increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere 9. Prügikast - Rubbish bin(GB)/ trash can(US) - a place where you can throw your trash 10. Õli laigud - Oil spills - pollutions, usually in the sea 11. Lojaalne Loyal - always supporting 12. Orgaaniline - Organic - made without artificial chemical 13. Kaasa haarama - To engage s.b. - to attract s.b. and keep their interest 14. Tagasilöök - A backlash - a strong reaction against s.th.
06.05.2012 Abstract 06.05.2012 Experience and Wellness management Author Group Girli Vasiljev RB1X Title of report Number of pages Economic Country Review: Finland, Estonia 20 and Hungary Teacher Kalevi Torunen The goal of this paper is to compare the economic performance of Finland, Estonia and Hungary. First, a general overview on the countries will be given. After, economic indicators (real GDP growth rate, inflation, unemployment, household consumption, investment, current account, government budget and deficit) of the three countries will be compared to draw a conclusion. Keywords GDP, inflation, unemployment, household consumption, investment, current account, government budget, deficit, surplus Table of contents 1 Introduction
Darja Kristina Vester My work is mostly based on a book "Building a Diverse Work Force: Scientists and Engineers in the Office of Naval Research, which was written by Committee to Study Diversity in the Scientific and Engineering Work Force of the Office of Naval Research, National Research Council in 1997. The Office of Naval Research has for 50 years been in the forefront of research and development in the USA, especially in the physical sciences and engineering. Predating the National Science Foundation, ONR is one of the oldest federal agencies whose mission is to fund external research and development in support of national security needs. It continues today to be viewed as a premier R&D organization where the best science and engineering is identified, supported, and applied to meet national security requirements.
building dams, or using nuclear power. However, many people think that nuclear power is dangerous, and when you consider the experience of Chernobyl in the Ukraine over 20 years ago, you can see why. Countries such as France, however, get about 80% of their electricity from nuclear power plants, and the pro-nuclear scientists argue that it is actually much clearer than burning fossil fuels, which contributes to global warming. Others argue that it is better to get electricity from sustainable resources, such as the wind, the sea, and the sun. Although this sounds like a sensible idea, they are not reliable enough to malntain a constant supply of power. For instance, you cannot produce solar energy at night. Basically, we need a source of energy that will not run out; if it cannot be hydroelectricity or coal-fired energy, it will have to be nuclear. Finding a way of ensuring that nuclear power is safe and cannot be misused is the real challenge. Dear Sir/Madam,
Anthropology is human studies – that investigates the past, the present and the future, culture differences and similarities. Haviland, (1999). Nash (1996) also describes that tourism, including adventure tourism, is a part of socio- cultural anthropology studies. These studies are using the term of culture to refer to various activities as tourism does not take place in a vacuum. Nash (1996) highlights, that anthropology of tourism includes in itself linkages or shortcomings between social life and culture. Taylor (1871) defines culture as a whole complex, which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, 1 Anthropology of Tourism Madli Tuvike morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Nash (1996) summarized that culture is a system of activities for a group. It can be argued that,
own. The UNCRC laid the foundation for the potential re-evaluation of our traditional understanding of childhood and the perception of children as primarily objects of the adult world. Since, then the UNCRC has attracted significant scholarly interest from various disciplines and as such a high degree of research has been published in this area already. The increasing sociological interest in children in particular that has provided a new perspective around the idea of children as competent social actors has provoked a great controversy and confusion as it challenges the image of the incompetent child which is overwhelmingly prevalent in the Western society. The purpose of this dissertation is to critically explore this hotly debated tension between these two conflicting salient features that have often prevented the recognition of children as active citizens, entitled to respect and participation. With a
places 2 (iii) support, figure lower than 5.991 / figure lower than critical value; R ‘support’ on its own. ecf applies if value in (ii) is incorrect 1 [16] 2. named characteristic; named environmental factor; (mark first answer only) 2 [2] 3. 1 ref to operon; 2 normally repressor substance bound to operator; 3 prevents RNA polymerase binding (at promoter) / prevents transcription; 4 lactose binds to repressor; 5 changes shape of protein molecule; 6 unable to bind (to operator);
United States and Canada have a pH below normal (about 5.3 for water). Several hundred of these have a pH too low to support any aquatic life. Aside from aquatic bodies, acid deposition can significantly impact forests. As acid rain falls on trees, it can make them lose their leaves, damage their bark, and stunt their growth. By damaging these parts of the tree, it makes them vulnerable to disease, extreme weather, and insects. Acid falling on a forest's soil is also harmful because it disrupts soil nutrients, kills microorganisms in the soil, and can sometimes cause a calcium deficiency. Trees at high altitudes are also susceptible to problems induced by acidic cloud cover as the moisture in the clouds blankets them. Damage to forests by acid rain is seen all over the world, but the most advanced cases are in Eastern Europe. It's estimated that in Germany and Poland, half of the forests are damaged, while 30% in Switzerland have been affected.
1. OBJECT-ORIENTED PARADIGM The Model •The model defines an abstract view to the problem. This implies that the model focuses only on problem related stuff and that you try to define properties of the problem. These properties include: 1 •the data which are affected and 2 •the operations which are identified by the problem. Object-oriented Paradigm •Everything is an object •A program is a bunch of objects telling each other what to do by sending messages •Each object has its own memory made up of other objects •Every object has a type •All objects of a particular type can receive the same messages Domain Model •A domain model does not represent the entire domain as it is in the real world
...................................................................9 3.5. Outsourced Services .........................................................................................................9 3.6. Structure............................................................................................................................9 3.7. Management Process ......................................................................................................10 4. Development Program............................................................................................................10 4.1. Expenses .........................................................................................................................10 4.2. Outstanding Tasks and Projects ......................................................................................10 4.3. SWOT Analysis of the IT Department .......................................................
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