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2017-01-06
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Synchronic approach to language: Diachronic approach to language: Linguistic competence: Linguistic performance: What is grammar?: "The sounds and sound patterns, the basic units of meaning, such as words, and the rules to combine them to form new sentences constitute the grammar of a language" Prescriptive grammar vs. Descriptive garmmar: Descriptive grammar: the systematic study and description of a language. Descriptive grammar refers to the structure of a language as it is actually used by speakers and writers. Prescriptive grammar: a set of rules and examples dealing with the syntax and word structures of a language, usually intended as an aid to the learning of that language. Prescriptive grammar refers to the structure of a language as certain people think itshould be used. Phonology: the subfield of linguistics that studies the structure and systematic patterning of sounds in human language.
1 Grammatical Terminology PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR FLGR.01.042 Grammatical Terminology analytic analüütiline (= uninflected - grammar is focused in the sentence , e.g. English) synthetic sünteetiline (= inflected - grammar is focused in the word, e.g. Estonian, Latin, Russian, Old English) ending lõpp (käände- ja pöördelõpud)
(not I want orange.) •Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?) When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone: •I like oranges. •Bottles can break. We can use some and any with countable nouns: •I've got some dollars. •Have you got any pens? We can use a few and many with countable nouns: •I've got a few dollars. •I haven't got many pens. definite article The definite article the is the most frequent word in English. We use the definite article in front of a noun when we believe the hearer/reader knows exactly what we are referring to. • because there is only one: The Pope is visiting Russia. The moon is very bright tonight. The Shah of Iran was deposed in 1979. This is why we use the definite article with a superlative adjective: He is the tallest boy in the class. It is the oldest building in the town. • because there is only one in that place or in those surroundings:
deriving the various inflectional forms of a lexeme from the lexical stem -syntax- refers to the syntax of a language which includes rules that specify under what conditions a lexeme may or must carry a given inflectional property Constituent- an element considered as part of a construction Suppletion- phenomenon whereby one lexeme is represented by two or more different roots, depending on the context Ex: go-went The constituent structure is an abstract property of sentences (but there is evidence for this). The constituent analysis of a sentence identifies the forms and their hierarchical arrangement within one another. The two most basic units of syntax are the sentence and the word. The sentence is the largest unit of syntax. The word is the lowest unit of syntax. Part of speech classes in English: nouns, verbs, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections
Book 1 BASIC ENGLISH BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR GRAMMAR BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR Book 1 Book 1 Younger students at beginning to intermediate levels will greatly benefit from this step-by-step approach to English grammar basics. This is the ideal supplement to your language arts program whether your students are native
Byron) · the manner of expressing ideas characteristic of a literary movement or period (symbolism, romanticism) · the use of lg. typical of a literary genre (comedy, drama, novel) · the selective use of lg that depends on spheres of human activity. These are called functional styles or registers (fiction, newspaper) Stylistics is the study of style. However, for some reason, English stylistics is less developed than French, German or Russian. The term ,,stylistics"came into more common use in English only some 35 years ago. It was recorded much earlier; in 1882 as "the study of literary style, the study of stylistic features" Stylistics is a branch of linguistics that studies principles of selecting different linguistic means for passing on thoughts and emotions. It studies: · Different functional styles, styles of genres, individual styles
but he had presented his theory already on 1 May, 1875 in a comprehensive personal letter to his friend and mentor, Vilhelm Thomsen. It was received with great enthusiasm by the young generation of comparative philologists, the so- called Junggrammatiker, because it was an important argument in favour of theNeogrammarian dogma that the sound laws were without exceptions ("die Ausnahmslosigkeit der Lautgesetze"). BREAKING IN OLD ENGLISH Vowel breaking is a sound change whereby a single vowel changes to become a diphthong in specific environments. The resulting sound preserves the original vowel, which is either preceded or followed by a glide. This process is manifested in a variety of Germanic languages and is characteristic of Old English. Certain front vowels, /æ/ /e/ and /i/, in their short and long variants, were diphthongized when
1st person (plural) (Our) OUR OURS 2nd person (plural) (You) YOUR YOURS 3rd person (plural) (They) THEIR THEIRS Reflexive pronouns: A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that is preceded by the noun or pronoun to which it refers (its antecedent) within the same clause. In English, the reflexive pronouns are myself, yourself, thyself, himself (in some dialects, "his self"), herself, itself, oneself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves (in some dialects, "their selves"). "I see myself" or "She sees herself" Relative pronouns: A relative pronoun "relates" a subordinate clause to the rest of the sentence. It may be found in adjective and noun clauses. A relative pronoun is found only in sentences with more than one clause
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