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mechanical object. Kim seems engine 3) A formal test → With nouns we can test if it contains morphemes which makes word a noun. For example: Noun can have a plural ending s Noun can have a possessive form. Boys’ Nouns usually go with determiners: an apple, a ball, the red car We can determine an adjective if it has a degree of comparison. For example: most beautiful, smaller. 4) A morphological test → What are the different forms a word can have. 5) A function test → What work does the word perform in a phrase or sentence. 2.3 Grammatical categories Grammatical categories divide into Inherent categories → are the properties that a word naturally has or does not have.
Languages: · English; Chinese Ballgames: · volleyball Of- forms: · The Republic of Estonia Meals: · Lunch; dinner Air, sky, earth, moon: · The moon Musical instruments: · The violin; the guitar Academic subjects: · Biology; history Go to------ school, university, sea, bed, work, hospital: · - Nationalities: · Dutch; Spanish 4. Comparison of adjectives: Adjectives with one syllable: clean cleaner cleanest new newer newest cheap cheaper cheapest Adjectives with two syllables and the following endings: Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -y dirty dirtier dirtiest easy easier easiest happy happier happiest
4 Pronouns 44 Personal Pronouns 44 10 Prepositions 132 Reflexive Pronouns 47 Interrogative Pronouns 48 Demonstrative Pronouns 49 11 Conjunctions 135 5 Adjectives 52 12 Interjections 138 Adjective Endings 54 Kinds of Adjectives 58 Comparison of Adjectives 65 13 Sentences 139 What is a Sentence? 139 6 Determiners 71 Kinds of Sentences 140 The Imperative 141 The Articles 71 The Subject and the Object 143 Demonstrative Determiners 73 Direct and Indirect Objects 144
II. Relational categories for verbs: voice The workers painted the house. The house was painted by the workers. Das Buch wird von zwei Autoren geschrieben. `The book is being written by two authors.' Heute Abend wird viel getanzt. `There will be a lot of dancing tonight.' III. Agreement categories for verbs: I am/he is/they are sleeping he sleeps Grammatical categories for adjectives I. Inherent categories for adjectives: degree of comparison (comparative, superlative): cold colder coldest II. Agreement categories for adjectives: agreement of attributive adjectives with the head noun, and of predicative adjectives with the subject French: le vin blanc `the white wine' la porte blanch `the white door' German: Ein klein-es Kind sah einen reich-en Mann `A small child saw a rich man' 3. Nouns and noun phrases, the structure and functions of noun phrases; lexical subclasses
g. "This `sweet' lady has killed five husbands."). 7. Uncommon use of punctuation. 8. Exclamatory and interrogatory sentences (e.g. "Women and votes!). 9. The writer may indicate the quality of the character's voice (e.g. "Society," she said blackly (shows speaker's negative attitude). "Society" becomes negatively because of "blackly"). Positive adherent connotation 1. The closeness and neighbourhood of words with inherent positive overtones. 2. We may have comparison a part of which the word becomes. 3. Words "hope", "wish", etc. may affect a word in the context. 4. Repetition of a word. 5. Complementary words. 6. Character's voice (e.g. "Hatred", she said, her voice trembling with pleasure." "pleasure" turns "hatred" into positive). 4. STYLISTIC MORPHOLOGY NOUNS: the expressive features of nouns are based on non-typical use of the number, the case, and pronoun substitution. On a transposition of nouns this is
English we have a great number of words for conveying positive attitude and not so many of those expressing negative evaluation. Positive adherent connotation 1. The closeness and neighbourhood of words with inherent positive overtones (e.g. "She kissed my hands. They are beautiful, she said, big, and red, and brutal." "beautiful" is positively charged and so it influences "big" and "brutal"). 2. We may have comparison a part of which the word becomes (e.g. O. Wilde "Youth is so much valuable than the experience: it is much so far intelligent." "youth" becomes positive, it is compared to "experience"). 3. Words "hope", "wish", etc. may affect a word in the context (e.g. O. Wilde "You cannot go anywhere without meeting clever (negative here) people. . . . I wish to goodness we had a few fools (positive here) left
She put the book on the table. 3. Some adverbs tell us when. These are called Adverbs of Time. We met them at five o´clock. 4. Some adverbs tell us how often. These are called Adverbs of Frequency. E.g. always, sometimes, often, never, usually, seldom, hardly ever, and rarely: She never comes on time. They usually work on Saturday mornings. I have always loved plays written by Oscar Wilde. 5. Some adverbs tell us how much. These are called Adverbs of Degree. E.g. definitely, absolutely, obviously, possibly, just, certainly, very, quite, rather: He is definitely the right man for the job. He would certainly have been chosen for the team if he hadn’t injured his knee. 2 6. Some adverbs have the same form as the adjective. This is the case with hard, fast, late. Adjective Adverb Jack is a very fast runner. Jack can run very fast.
adjective omadussõna, Describes the qualities, features or states attributed to a a nice room, a happy girl, the blue adjektiiv noun or pronoun. sky 2 Grammatical Terminology adverb määrsõna, adverb Indicates the time, place, manner, degree, frequency, beautifully, angrily, now, yesterday, duration, viewpoint, etc. of an event, action or process. never It is mostly realised by the -ly suffix added to an adjective. numeral arvsõna, numeraal one, ninety-eight, tenth
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