VAADELDAV VALK: Forkhead box protein O3 Transkriptide võrdlus Homo Sapiens FoxO3 järjestusega Kattuvad Organism Järjestuse ID Pikkus järjestused Identsed alused Tühikud Pan troglodytes Simpans ref|XM_003311514.2| 7946 1 7076/7133(99%) 18/7133(0%) Sumatra Pongo abelii Orangutan ref|XM_002817219.2| 7812 1 7190/7343(98%) 46/7343(0%) Gorilla gorilla gorilla Gorilla ref|XM_004044495.1| 7595 1 7024/7175(98%) 73/7175(1%) Macaca mulatta Reesusmakaak ref|XM_001093593.2| 7300 1 7079/7328(97%) 66/7328(0%) Papio anubis Anubis baboon ref|XM_003898343.1| 7775 1 7094/7353(96%) 60/7353(0%) Dasypus 4216/4873(8...
Bioinformaatika ülesanded Järjestuste võrdlemine, otsingud andmebaasidest (BLAST, FASTA, SW). 1. BLAST programmide kasutamine tundmatu valgujärjestuse identifitseerimiseks või sarnaste valgujärjestuste leidmiseks (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/). Programmide kasutamisel tutvuda tutorialite ja juhenditega!!! (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Education/BLASTinfo/information3.html). a. Otsida sarnaseid järjestusi antud valgujärjestusele. Valida sobiv programm vastavalt NCBI juhendile valgujärjestuse võrdlemiseks valgujärjestuste seast. Valida otsimiseks Refseq andmebaas, sooritada otsing, tulemuste formaat 500 joondamise jaoks. GTESPLLTDPSTPNFFWLAWQARDFMSKKYGQPVPDRAVSLAINSRTGRTQNHFHIHISCIRPDVRKQLDNNLAN ISSRWLPLPGGLRGHEYLARRVTESELVQRSPFMMLAEEVPEAREHMGRYGLAMVRQSDNSFVLLATQRNLLTLN RASAEEIQDHQCEILRMRHPLVMGNWKLNGSRHMVHELVSNLRKELAGVAGCAVAIAPPEM...
Eating bugs Annika Annika History Hunters and gatherers ate bugs to survive Christians and Jews ate bugs "At first the males are better to eat, but after copulation the females, which are then full of white eggs." Main info 1,462 species of edible insects crickets, cicadas, grasshoppers, ants, worms and scorpions, tarantulas. Insects used as a source of nutrients and insects as condiments Pesticide use can make insects unsuitable We eat from one to two pounds of insects each year Most of insects are caught wild except for silk moth pupae Ants have a lemon tang Giant water bugs taste of mint Fire ant pupae taste of watermelon Where it`s popular and how they eat them? Africa, Asia, and Latin America Winged termites are collected and fried, roasted, or made into bread. With cornmeal porridge. Beekeepers are considered virile, because they regularly eat larvae from their beehives De-winged dragonflies boiled in coco...
FOOD FOR SPORT Eating right can help energize your workout. What is the best thing to eat before exercising for energy and endurance? You need quality carbs, lean protein, heart-healthy fats, and fluids. Your muscles rely on carbohydrate foods like breads, cereals, pasta, rice, fruits, and vegetables for quick energy. You need protein for your muscles and for your blood cells, which bring nutrients and oxygen to your muscles. You also need fluids, or your body will have a hard time performing at its best. Is there an ideal meal to eat before exercise? There's no one meal that you need to eat before working out. Instead, focus on these 5 things: Low fat Moderate in carbs and protein Low fiber Includes fluids Made up of familiar foods that you tolerate well A grilled chicken sandwich or a slice of cheese pizza might fit the pregame meal description, but stay clear of the fried food (including french ...
Darja Lavõgina 1. Sünniaeg (pp.kk.aaaa) 31.05.1986 Telefon 737 5250 Töökoht ja amet 01.07.2013 - ... Tartu Ülikool, Loodus- ja tehnoloogiateaduskond, Tartu Ülikooli Keemia Instituut, Bioorgaanilise keemia õppetool ; Vanemteadur (1.00) 01.10.2012 - 30.06.2013 Tartu Ülikool, Loodus- ja tehnoloogiateaduskond, Tartu Ülikooli Keemia Instituut, Bioorgaanilise keemia õppetool ; Teadur (1.00) 2011 - 2012 Sveitsi Riiklik Tehnoloogia Instituut; järeldoktor 11.11.2010 - 28.02.2011 Tartu Ülikool, ...
Report about students eating habits. Most of todays students don't have their proper habits, Fast food can wreak havoc on your health if you aren't careful. Limit stops at fast food restaurants, and when you do go, bypass the French fries and other fried treats. Order salads, sandwiches that don't contained fried or greasy meat, and baked potatoes. Select pizza healthy pizza toppings, such as olives, mushrooms and green peppers. If you must have meat, opt for Canadian bacon, which is much lower in fat than pepperoni. Even college students need a balanced diet of protein, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates and fats. Eat a variety of vegetables and moderate amounts of protein. Limit fats to the healthier choices, such as olive oil and nuts. for decades, vending machines have been the bane of many college students. They also carry the responsibility for the unhealthy "freshman fifteen," referring to the number of pounds college students o...
The advantages and disadvantages of being a vegetarian Nowadays, vegetarianism has become a trend for people who are in search of a healthier life. Comparing with the past, the variety of different nonanimal products available has increased considerably and is sufficient to provide a healthy diet. However, it can be said there are both advantages and disadvantages for deciding to be a vegetarian. Firstly, vegetarians feel that there are certain advantages to be gained by not eating meat. They consider substitute foods such as soya, cereals and vegetables to be an even better source of protein than meat. It is maintained that such foods are low in fat and cholesterol, therefore promoting better health. Finally, by avoiding meat, vegetarians believe they are not eating contaminated food which is often a source of many illnesses. ...
"Can food really affect our mental well-being?" Food can affect our mental being, it also can affect our Physical ,Spiritual,Emotional,Social Health , it only depends what people eat. Food powers our life. It fuels all our body processes that enable us to move, think and breathe. There is no aspect that is not influenced by what people eat. Fueling our body with processed food, fast food, sugar, fat and calories food affects who we are. Food supplies the source of power for our brain as well as our body, and has a direct relationship to mental and emotional health and stability. Learning and memory, illnesses such as depression, reduced calorie diet that includes fruits,vegetables and fish. What people eat determines how they tackle their daily physical activities, including housework, job, school, homework, shopping, caring for a family and exercise. Eating healthy enables body movements to be executed with ea...
1. (a) (i) gene length of DNA; codes for a (specific), polypeptide / protein / RNA; max 1 allele alternative form of a gene; found at a, locus / particular position on, a chromosome; max 1 (ii) assume allele refers to coat colour allele (coat colour) gene / alleles, only on X chromosome; A no (coat colour), gene / allele, on Y chromosome male cats, XY / only have one X chromosome; males have only one (coat colour) allele / cannot have two (coat colour) alleles; need black and orange alleles for tortoiseshell colour; 2 r r w w (b) parental genotypes C C × C C ; r w ...
Keila kool 11 : Keila 2016 Keila kool 11. klass Sergei Asmanov SPORDILISANDITE KVALITEEDI UURIMINE Uurimustöö Juhendaja: Nadezda Lisovskaja Keemia ja bioloogia õpetaja Keila 2016 2 RESÜMEE Teadustöö teema on "Spordilisandite kvaliteedi tuvastamis meetodite uurimine". Autor uuris, kas on olemas meetodid, mis saavad aidata uurida spordilisandite kvaliteeti ja autor ka proovis hõivata need meetodeid. Teema aktuaalsus väljendub sellest, et inimestel, kes tegelevad spordiga ei ole aega korralikult ja täisvereliselt süüa. Inimesed ei tea, kas kallid spordilisandid on kvaliteetsed või mitte. Praktilises osas autor uuris välja katsetega, missugune koostis on odava, keskmise ja kalli hinnaga spordilisandites. Uurimust...
Slide 1 Good morning/afternoon/evening! My name is //////// and my topic is food microstructure and starch digestion. The presentation is approximately 7-10 minutes long and I will be glad to answer your questions at the end. Slide 2 Starch is important carbohydrate in human diet containing in potatoes, maize, rice, cassava. It is produced by most green plants as energy source. Pure starch is a white, tasteless and odorless powder that is insoluble in cold water or alcohol. It consists of two types of molecules: the linear and helical amylose and the branched amylopectin. Depending on the plant, starch generally contains 20 to 25% amylose and 75 to 80% amylopectin by weight. Glycogen, the glucose store of animals, is a more highly branched version of amylopectin. In industry, starch is converted into sugars, for example by malting, and fermented to produce ethanol in the manufacture of beer, whisky and biofuel. It is processed to produc...
Agronoomia 2010/2011 LUTSERNI SEGUKÜLVI BOTAANILISE KOOSSEISU MÕJU ROHUSÖÖDA KVALITEEDILE Uno Tamm, Paul Lättemäe, Silvi Tamm Eesti Maaviljeluse Instituut Abstract. Tamm, U., Lättemäe, P., Tamm, S. The effect of botanical composition of lucerne- grass mixture on nutritive value of forage. Agronomy 2010/2011, 133138. Complementary species are used in legume-grass mixtures in order to use environmental resources efficiently and reduce N emission. The aim of this investigation was to study the common lucerne (Medicago sativa, L) ´FSG 408 DP´ and hybrid lucerne (Medicago varia, HL) ´Karlu´-grass mixtures during the years 2007-09. The grasses used in the mixture were hybrid- ryegrass ´Molisto´, tall fescue ´Seine´, meadow fescue ´Darimo´, reed canarygrass ´Palaton´ and smooth bromegras...
Tallinna Tehnikaülikool Protokoll Valgu kontsentratsiooni määramine Bradfordi meetodil Tallinn 2012 Spektrofotomeetria põhialused. Valguse neeldumine keskkonnas on kirjeldatav järgmise skeemiga: , kus I0 - pealelangenud kiirguse intensiivsus; d - valgust neelava kihi paksus; I1 - paksusega d neelava kihi läbinud kiirguse intensiivsus. Valguse neeldumise mõõtmiseks kasutatakse kahte erinevat, kuid omavahel seotud parameetrit: 1. T - Läbilaskvus (transmittance) , mida väljendatakse protsentides. I T= I0 2. A - Absorbtsioon (absorbance), mis on seotud I ja I0ga ning T-ga järgmiselt: I0 A = log = - log T ...
Eating habits This text talk about my eating habits and healty eating habits. I eat 4 times a day: breakfast at 7.00, lunch at 11.30, lunch at home 16.00 and dinner at 20.00. For breakfast i eat porridge, sandwich and drink cup of tea. My eating habits are healty because i care what i eat. I am sportman and i have control what i consume. I eat every kind of foods: meat, fish, fruits and vegetables. My favorite food is rice wiht pineapple and chichen sauce. My favorite dessert is pancakes with chocolate cream. Healty eatings are if people eat normally about 3-4 times a day. People must eat every kind of food: meat, fish, fruits, vegetables and consume every kind of nutrients: protein, fat, carbohydrate and gluvose. Draw a conclusion from my eating habits and healty eating habits. People must consume every kind of foods and nutrients. Keith Stseglov 11.c
The Theory of Human Motivation by Abraham Maslow Abraham Maslow 1908 – 1970 A descendant of Russian Jews in USA Well-known psychologist Brought the ‘human’ back to psychology Best known for his ‘hierarchy of needs’ Forces of psychology Psychoanalysis (sub-consciousness) Behaviorism (behavior can be studied and explained) Humanism (the human dimension of psychology) Transpersonal psychology (hippie psychology) Hierarchy of human needs http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow's_hierarchy_of_needs D-needs and B-needs Basic needs (D = deficit) physiological safety beloning esteem Higher need (B = being) self actualization What a man can be, he must be! Physiological needs Homeostasis oxygen water protein salt, sugar, calcium ... In Maoist China the most basic need was belonging Safety, love and esteem Stability, structure, order Community, affection Status, ...
Est onia Ida-Virumaa Kiviõli Lõuna 7 07.03.2011 Dear Sir/Madam My family does not eat very healthy. I try to eat more vegetables and low fat products. We do not eat much sugar and sweets. In my family people drink alcohol only on birthdays or other celebratings like New Year. In my family all but grandfather smoke . I am the only one who does some kind of sport. In winter i often go swimming with my best friend , two times a week. In autumn and summer i go cycling or jogging. I like to keep me fit. Sad that other people in my family do not play sports at all. I like to eat the food that my granny makes for me. But i try not to eat much and unhealthy. Now i eat much vitamins and protein. A school child must eat about 2000-2500 calories at day , nut ii cant believe that...
Terminid · SNARE, soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor adaptor protein; · Receptors TMD, Trans-membrane domain; · PR, Pathogenesis-related; · qRT-PCR, quantitative Real Time PCR; · CDD, Conserved Domain Database; · HMM, Hidden Markov Model; · MSA, Multiple sequence alignment; · PDB, Protein Data Bank; · DOPE, Discrete Optimized Protein Energy; · MOF, MODELLER Objective Function; · NILs, Near-isogenic lines · Leaf rust; · Ustilago maydis, maisinõe seen · bread wheat, Triticum suvitrühvel L · tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum · oder, Hordeum vulgare · riis O. riis indica · nr: mitte ülearune; · S-PI, susceptible patogeen nakatunud, · S-M, susceptible negative control; · GAPDH Glütseraaldehüüd-3-Fosfaat Dehüdrogenaas 3.5. SNARE geenide up-regulation leherooste nakkuse ajal nisus · Paremaks arusaamiseks SNARE geenide funktsioonist mRNA tasemel, ruumilised ...
For and Against Fast Food All people in the world need food, most popular is fast food and it is mace you feel good. Is it good or bad? Fast food is taste good, you will enjoy eating it. You can get it fast, “restaurants” are everywhere. Fast food is cheaper than a self-made food. Most popular and well-known fast food “restaurants” are “Mac Donalds” and Burger King. However are it is healthy? Most important that human body need protein, carbohydrates and fiber to stay alive. But it is not a enough, have to by also vitamins, minerals and lot of other substances . If you are hungry it is better to eat chunk, then by whit out food. Fast food dos not offer diverse and healthy food. Also there are contains a which is make addictive for it. Human can eat every kind of food, but you have to change it all the time, cant stuck on the same stuff. Some test saw, what happened them who eat chunk food every day, bu...
Pärnu Koidula Gümnaasium Frieda Kriisa 10.c klass Valgud Referaat Juhendajad Sirje Miglai ja Marge Kanniste Tõstamaa 2007 2 Sisukord Sissejuhatus.................................................................................................................................4 1. Valgud.....................................................................................................................................5 1.1. Üldiseloomustus...............................................................................................................5 1.2. Valgu molekulide struktuur............................................................................................. 5 1.3. Valkude elementaarne koostis......................................................
Balanced Diet Healthy What is Balanced Diet??? A diet that contains adequate amounts of all the necessary nutrients required for healthy growth and activity. A balanced diet contains sufficient amounts of fiber and the various nutrients to ensure good health. Food should also provide the appropriate amount of energy and adequate amounts of water. A balanced diet should be both Why is a balanced diet important??? It is essential for a healthy body and a healthy mind. You are what you consume! A balanced diet is important to maintain health and a sensible body weight. No single food will provide all nutrients it is essential for a balanced diet that it must contain sufficient amount of nutrients such as carbohydrates, fat, vitamins, minerals etc. Improper diet may result in... · Failure to flourish · Poor growth · Poor development · Poor physical and mental health · Infectio...
To be or not to be a vegeterian To be or not to be a vegeterian, that is the question. there are many positive and negative sides of being a vegeterian but what are they? First of all, many people think that being vegeterian is helthy but is it? Eating always plants does not give us protein that is wery important to our health. Secondly, vegetables does not give us fat, what is very important to keep warm and without it our kidneys run around in our body, and it is painful. It is clear, that for life we need many more nutritions, what we can get from green food. On the other hand it is healthy to be a vegeretian. People, who does not eat meat are fit and this is healthy. Our heart can work well and vegeterians dont need to worry about stroke because their body dont consist cholesterol. Maybe they can live longer, but it is not proved. And last, but not least , a veg...
Aminohapete süntees ja vajadused erinevatel loomaliikidel Richard Riispere Eesti Maaülikool 5.12.2014 Sissejuhatus • Aminohapped -> Valgud 22 Standardset aminohapet http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein#Nutrition • Loomad ei suuda ise sünteesida kõike 22-te aminohapet. • Aga nt. proliini suudab organism ise sünteesida, pole vaja omandada. (Osborne,T.B, Mendel,L.B, 1914:326) http://glossary.periodni.com/images/proline.jp • Vajalikke aminohappeid ei suuda loom ise sünteesida. Nt. aspartokinaas • Liikide erinevus ei seisne ainult füsioloogilistes erinevusest, vaid ka vanusest. http://www.allaboutwildlife.com/wp- content/uploads/2011/05/pandashyjk 20001.jpg • Young V.R., Pellett P.L., McLarney M.J. ...
TRANSLATSIOON e valgusüntees, toimub tsütoplasmas, ribosoomides. Aminohapetest sünteesitakse polüpeptiidahel. Protsessi viib läbi ribosoomikompleks, mis koosneb: · 30S subühikust (eukar: 40S) ja 50S subühikust (prokar: 60S); või vastavalt väike ja suur subühik · mRNA (sisaldab geneetilist koodi) · initsiaator-tRNA · initsiatsiooni- või elongatsioonifaktor (oleneb faasist). Protsessis on kolm faasi: initstiatsioon -> elongatsioon -> terminatsioon. Ribosoom läbib selle käigus valgusünteesi ribosoomi tsükli. Vastavalt faasidele toimub: funktsionaalse ribosoomi moodustumine -> aminohapete lisamine peptiidahelasse -> sünteesitud valgu vabastamine ribosoomist. Tegu on kahe-astmelise dekodeerimisprotsessiga: 1. preribosomaalne etapp -> aminoatsüül-tRNA süntees 2. ribosomaalne etapp -> koodon-antikoodon translatsioon ja peptidsideme süntees ribosoomil. Avatud lugemisraam e valkukodeeriv järjestus - nukle...
NEUROBIOLOGY AUXILLARY GLOSSARY ACETYLCHOLINE – A neurotransmitter in both the brain and peripheral nervous system* (PNS). In the brain it helps regulate memory, whilst it controls the actions of skeletal and smooth muscle within the PNS. ACTION POTENTIAL – An electrical phenomenon which occurs when a neurone is activated and temporarily reverses the electrical state of its interior membrane from negative to positive. An electrical charge travels along the axon to the neurone’s ending (terminal) where it triggers the release of a neurotransmitter* and then disappears. ADRENALINE (U.S. - Epinephrine) – A hormone released by the adrenal medulla* and a neurotransmitter acting at the level of the autonomic nervous system and the brain. ADRENAL CORTEX – The outer layer of the adrenal, a small endocrine gland located near the kidney. It produces and secretes several horm...
BEES Bees are flying insects closely related to wasps and ants. There are nearly 20,000 known species of bee, in nine recognized families, though many are undescribed and the actual number is probably higher. They are found on every continent except Antarctica, in every habitat on the planet that contains insect-pollinated flowering plants. Bees are adapted for feeding on nectar and pollen, the former primarily as an energy source, and the latter primarily for protein and other nutrients. Most pollen is used as food for larvae. Bees have a long proboscis (a complex "tongue") that enables them to obtain the nectar from flowers. They have antennae almost universally made up of 13 segments in males and 12 in females, as is typical for the superfamily. Bees all have two pairs of wings, the hind pair being the smaller of the two; in a very few species, one sex or caste has relatively short wings tha...
PRAISE FOR The 4-Hour Workweek "This is a whole new ball game. Highly recommended." --Dr. Stewart D. Friedman, adviser to Jack Welch and former director of the Work/Life Integration Program at the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania "It's about time this book was written. It is a long-overdue manifesto for the mobile lifestyle, and Tim Ferriss is the ideal ambassador. This will be huge." --Jack Can eld, cocreator of Chicken Soup for the Soul®, 100+ million copies sold "Stunning and amazing. From mini-retirements to outsourcing your life, it's all here. Whether you're a wage slave or a Fortune 500 CEO, this book will change your life!" --Phil Town, New York Times bestselling author of Rule #1 "The 4-Hour Workweek is a new way of solving a very old problem: just how can we work to live and prevent our lives from being all about work? A world of in nite...
TUBERKULOOS Bioanalüütiku õppekava üliõpilane Diana Didenko Tuberkuloos on väga laialt levinud ohtlik nakkushaigus, mis võib kulgeda nii ägedalt kui ka krooniliselt Tuberkuloosi tekitajaks inimesel on bakter Mycobacterium tuberculosis Nakkusallikaks on eeskätt hingamiselundite lahtist tuberkuloosi põdev haige, kes levitab haigustekitajaid põhiliselt rögapiiskadega Maailma Terviseorganisatsiooni (WHO) andmetel haigestub tuberkuloosi maailmas igal aastal hinnanguliselt kaheksa miljonit ning sureb kaks miljonit inimest TUBERKULOOSI KLIINILISED SÜMPTOMID Palavik Öine higistamine Köha Hemoptüüs (verine köha) Kehakaalu langus Väsimus Rindkere valud Tuberkuloosi haigustunnused võivad sarnaneda paljude teiste tervisehäiretega ning tuberkuloos võib kulgeda mõnikord ka asümtomaatiliselt. UURINGUMATERJAL Mükobakterite suhtes on võimalik uurida kõiki kehavedelikke, eritisi ning...
Traditional Estonian food has its roots firmly in the countryside, relying heavily on pork, potatoes and garden variety vegetables. The main culinary influences were from Germans, who ruled over Estonia for so many centuries. The eating habits of the Estonian population are related to the season, which severely affect the availability of fresh food. The spring and summer are the seasons of fresh food, in this period are used vegetables, berries and herbs, with the warmer climate the Estonians also like to cook meat grilled outdoors. During the winter are used mushrooms, jams, and preserved foods. Among the typical Estonian dishes are: Baltic fish in acid sauce, pork with sauerkraut and boiled potatoes, blood sausage and barley, marinade anguilla, boiled pork in jelly, tongue, smoked fish and a kind of dry cake-like barley bread. Milk and all kinds of dairy products such as fermented milk, yogurt and various dishes made with rennet are ...
Name at least 3 renewable energy sources. What consequence might there be if we use non-renewable energy too much? Which energy technology is the world's fastest growing? With what name is renewable energy also known as? Light Heat Electricity Generated from natural resources. Doesn't harm the environment. Can't be replenished Most of our energy. May cause global warming. Wind energy is the fastest growing. Most renewable energy comes from the sun. Hydroelectric energy is the oldest and largest source. Renewable energy a.k.a "green" energy. Thank you for listening! We use energy every day. It surrounds us in different forms, such as light, heat, and electricity. Our bodies use the energy stored in molecules of substances like carbohydrates and protein to move, breathe, grow, and think. We also use energy to do work and to play. Humans have invented thousa...
Piim, selle tekkimise keemiline protsess, biokeemiline koostis, erinevas vanuses ja erinevatel imetajatel Katarina Vainult Piima biokeemiline koostis Vesi Valgud (1-24%) Varustavad aminohappetega Kaseiin Ca, P Mitsellides, piimas suspensioonina Vadakuvalgud Valgud, mis jäävad peale kaseiini eemaldamist Allikas: Lipiidid (2-50+%) https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadak Energiaallikas, rasvhapped, rasvlahustuvad vitamiinid Triglütseriid ehk “rasv” Allikas: http://www.khuisf.ac.ir/prof/images/Uploaded_files/DairyChemistryAndBiochemistry_muyac[4303183].PDF Piima biokeemiline koostis Süsivesikud Laktoos, teisi süsivesikuid vähe Osmootne rõhk Vitamiinid Riboflaviin, vitamiin A, niatsiin… Koensüümid Mineraalained Raud, magnesium ,kaltsi...
Vähi biomarkerid Vähi biomarkerid on biomolekulid, mida leidub veres, teistes kehavedelikes või kudedes. Biomarker võib olla kas normaalse või patoloogilise protsessi tunnuseks, samuti viidata kahjustusele või haigusele. Markerit võib kasutada kontrollimaks seda, kuidas keha reageerib kahjustuse või haiguse ravile.[1] Biomarkeri täpne definitsioon varieerub, kõige laiemas tähenduses võib mõista biomarkeri all igat molekulaarset, füsioloogilist või anatoomilist tunnust, mis on kvantitatiivselt mõõdetav. Vähi biomarkerid annavad kujutlust vähitekkega seotud bioloogilistest protsessidest ja annavad kliiniliselt kasulikku informatsiooni iga vähikasvaja puhul individuaalselt.[2] Molekulaarsete vähi biomarkerite all mõeldakse peamiselt valke, DNAd või RNAd. Biomarkeriks võib olla kas või kasvaja poolt sekreteeritud molekul või spetsiifiline keha vastusreaktsiooni saadus kinnitamaksvähi olema...
Prioonid Prioonid ehk priionid (mittesoovitav eestikeelne vorm prion) (tuleneb inglisekeelsest protein infectious (infection) particles) on viirustest väiksemad, ainult valgust koosnevad nakkushaigusetekitajad. Haiguse avastas ameeriklane Stanley Prusiner, mille ees sai ta 1997. aasta Nobeli preemia. Prioonid on normaalsete valkude nakkuslikud vormid, mis muudavad terveid valke endasarnasteks. Prioonid põhjustavad mitmeid neurodegeneratiivseid haigusi imetajatel: skreipi (inglise scrapie) lammastel, veiste käsnjas ajuhaigus ehk "hullu lehma" tõbi ja Creutzfeldti-Jakobi tõbi inimestel. Prioonid kahjustavad pea- ja seljaaju. Nende toimel tekivad tavalisest valgust spetsiifilised fibrillid. Ajukude muutub arvukate vakuoolide tõttu poorseks ja meenutab struktuurilt käsna. Sellest ka haiguse nimetus - spongioosne ehk käsnjas entsefalopaatia. Prioonid on väga vastupidavad. Nad ei hävi tavalisel kuumutamisel, külmutamisel ega kuivatamisel....
060290 transformed into a tree by fitch, kitsch or neighbor program. Programs dnadist and protdist create a file "outfile". Before running fitch, kitsch ot neighbor, "outfile" should be renamed, either as "infile" ot with another file name. Fitch, kitsch and neighbor programs create both "outfile" and "outtree". dnadist -DNA distance matrix calculation protdist -Protein distance matrix calculation fitch -Fitch-Margoliash tree drawing method without molecular clock kitsch -Fitch-Margoliash tree drawing method with molecular clock neighbor -Neighbor-Joining and UPGMA tree drawing method Character based methods These programs read in the sequence alignment, and produce either one or multiple trees in the output files "outfile" and "outtree". dnapars -DNA parsimony dnapenny -DNA parsimony using branch-and-bound
Fast Food Ainiki Niinelaid & Kätlin Kaera Fast food definitions Fast food is the term given to food that can be prepared and served very quickly. Fast food - inexpensive food (hamburgers or chicken or milkshakes) Fast food - A type of meal that is often standardized, pre-prepared ; A type of food that is quickly made, but of low nutritional value; junk food; Anything standardized, quickly available, and inexpensive, often, of low value . Fast food - Foods designed for ready availability, use or consumption and sold at eating establishments for quick availability or take-out. Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Why is it so popular? You can buy fast food just about anywhere th...
HEALTHY LIFESTYLE You hear a lot about living a healthy lifestyle, enough that the phrase 'healthy lifestyle' may be one we'd like to permanently retire. The problem is, that phrase describes the life we need to live if we want to feel good and look good. So, what does it actually mean? Well, there are the obvious things that describe a healthy person: He or she doesn't smoke, is at a healthy weight, eats healthy foods not trans fats and exercises on a regular basis. It sounds so simple, it's funny just how hard it is to do all of those things in our current world. The good news is, you don't have to change everything at the same time. In fact, the trick to healthy living is making small changes. Take more steps each day, adding fruit to your cereal, having an extra glass of water or saying no to that second helping of buttery mashed potatoes. So, what else can you be doing to live healthy? Your first order...
Handbook of Meat Processing Handbook of Meat Processing Fidel Toldrá EDITOR A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication Edition first published 2010 © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Editorial Office 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book, please see our website at www.wiley.com/ wiley-blackwell. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Blackwell Publishing, provided that the base fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Cent...
1. Mis on sidumissait? Mille poolest ta a) sarnaneb, b) erineb TATAbox- st? 2. Sidumissait - regioon (valgus, DNA-s jne), mis on spetsiifiliseks seostumiseks teistele molekulidele, ioonidele. It is a region on a protein, DNA, or RNA to which specific other molecules and ions -- in this context collectively called ligands, or more specifically, protein ligands -- form a chemical bond. 3. TATA-box is a DNA sequence (Cis-regulatory element) found in the promoter region of most genes in eukaryotes. It is the binding site of either transcription factors or histones and is involved in the process of transcription by RNA polymerase. It has the core DNA sequence 5'- TATAAA-3' or a variant, which is usually followed by three or more adenine bases and has been highly conserved through evolution. The TATA box is usually located 25 base pairs upstream to the transcription site. 4. Nimeta peamised DNAd siduvad domää...
Organismi ainevahetus ja happe-leelise seisund Tartu Ülikool 2016 Happe-leelis seisund •• Arteriaalse vere (plasma) pH juures 7,37 – 7,43 • Keskmine : pH 7,4 • Happelised ainevahetusproduktid lähevad verre. • Happe- leelis tasakaalu hoiavad konstantsena vere puhversüsteemid, gaasivahetus kopsudes ja eritusmehhanismid neerudes. • Kõrvalekalle normaalsest pH-st pärsib vajalike ensüümide aktiivsust Neerude pH regulatsioon •• Väljutab mittelenduvaid happeid (nt väävelhapet). • Normaalse toitumise korral produtseerib inimene 24h jooksul 12-15 mooli CO2-e ja uriiniga väljutatakse 50 mmol hapet uriiniga. • Suure happe liia korral on terve neer võimeline eritama ka rohkem vesinik ioone. • Aluselise liia korral vesinikioonide sekretsioon väheneb. • väljutatakse põhiliselt seotuna ja külge Neerude pH regulatsioon • Normaalsetes tin...
Inhalt 1. Warum Braunbär interessiert mich? 3 2. Beschreibung 3 3. Lebensräume 4 4. Ernährung 5 5. Geburt 6 6. Bedrohungen 7 7. Systematik 8 8. Quellen 9 1. Warum Braunbär interessiert mich? Braunbär interessiert mich, weil er größtes Raubtier in Estland und Nordamerika ist. Er ist sehr groß, stark, spannend und liebt Hönig als ich. 2. Beschreibung Der Braunbär ist sehr stark und groß. Ihre Knochen sind starker als anderen Bären und er hat einen kleinen Schwanz, was ist 6 bis 21 Zentimeter lang. Er hat ein Muskulöse über den Schultern, was er mehr Stärke gibt. Als andere Bären hat Braunbär auch großes Kopf und Schnauze. Die Ohren sind klein und abgerundet, aber Augen sind sehr klein. Der Nacken ist kleiner als Eisbären. Braunbär hat 42 Zähne und s...
LIPIIDIDE METABOLISM Rasvad · moodustavad 10-20 % imetajate kehamassist · moodustavad ~80 % loomse organismi energiavarust · paiknevad adipotsüütide (rasvarakkude) vakuoolides · katavad ca 1/2 südame, neerude, maksa ja skeletilihaste energiatarbest · sisalduvad taimede seemnetes kui esmane energiaallikas LIPIIDID KUI EFEKTIIVNE "KÜTUS" 70 kg kaaluva inimese keskmine"kütusevaru" Ainegrupp Üldine Energiasisaldus Üldine kcal Energiavaru sisaldus kcal/g % RASVAD 15,6 9 140 000 78 VALGUD 9,5 4 38 000 21 SÜSIVESI KUD 0,5 4 2 000 1 LIPIIDID - kontsentreerituim "kütus" rakkudele, kuna rasvhapetes on C aatomid enamsati vesinikuga maksimaalselt külla...
Pärnu Koidula Gümnaasium Karl Kütt 10.c klass VALGUD Referaat Juhendaja õpetaja Sirje Miglai ja Marge Kanniste Pärnu 2008 SISUKORD SISSEJUHATUS................................................................................................................. 3 1. VALGUD JA NENDE ÜLESEHITUS........................................................................... 4 1.1. Valgud.......................................................................................................................4 1.2. Aminohapped ja peptiidside..................................................................................... 4 2. VALKUDE STRUKTUURITASEMED.........................................................................5 2.1. Primaarstruktuur.........................................................
Valgud ja geenid Loengumaterjal spordibiokeemia kursusele K. Port Milleks hea? · Energiaks (5-10%) · Struktuur (kollageen jmt) · Reaktsioonide läbiviimine (ensüümid) · Funktsioonid (lihase kontraktsioon) · Hormoonid (peptiidhormoonid, insuliin, adrenaliin) Amiinohapped Unikaalne külgahel (R) Karboksüül rühm (COO- ) Amiino rühm (NH3+) e- H+ Peptiidsidemest sild (CO-NH) Amiinohapete ehitus · 20 aminohapet · Ühine struktuur (väljaarvatud tsüklilise ehitusega proliin) · Nn. alfa süsiniku kõik valentsid (peale glütsiini) on seotud erinevate rühmadega siit nimetus: kiraalkeskus · Tekib stereoisomeeria: L ja D · Elusloodus koosneb L- amiinohapetest Amiinohapped ,,Teised" aminohapped (teada ca 300) · Geneetilises koodis kirjeldatud aminohappeid (20+2 ...
The sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is an annual(iga aastane) plant in the family Asteraceae, with a large flower head (inflorescence(õiekobar, õisik, õitseaeg, õidumine)). The stem(tüvi) of the flower can grow up to 3 metres tall, with the flower head reaching 30 cm in diameter. The term "sunflower" is also used to refer(nimetama, viitama, üle andma) to all plants of the genus(perekond, sugu) Helianthus, many of which are perennial(alaline, aastaringne) plants. What is usually called the flower is actually a head (formally(ametlikult) composite(liit-, komposiit- ; korvõieline, komposiit) flower) of numerous flowers (florets) crowded(täistuubitud, tunglev, rahvarohke) together. The outer flowers are the ray florets(pähik (õisiku osa) and can be yellow, maroon, orange, or other colors, and are sterile(steriilne, viljatu). The florets inside the circular head are called disc florets. Sunflower head displaying florets in spirals of 34 a...
Cappimine- Kui RNAPolII on jõudnud sünteesida uuest transkriptist 25-30 nukleotiidi, siis 7metüülguanosiin ja teised 5'cap komponendid on juba mRNAde 5' otsa küljes. Seda algset staadiumi RNA protsessingus katalüüsib dimeerne capping ensüüm, mis seostub RNAPolII fosforüülitud CTDgaPolI- sünteesib ribosomaalset RNAd. CTD saba polII´l karboksüterminaalne domään, PolII- võib reguleerida väikesi tuuma RNAsid.PolII omab forforüleerivat karboksüterminaalset domääni.Osaleb lühikeste RNAde sünteesis( U6, 7s) Poly(A) saidid- elemendid ( konkreetsed järjestused) mille peale istub RNA sünteesi lõpetav/termineeriv kompleks lisatakse u 200bp adeniini saba. Pre-mRNA- 5'müts, eksonid, intronid, kaitsev 3' saba millel Poly(A) järjestus. Pre-mRNA allutatakse splaissingule-tekib küps mRNA mille tunnuseks on 5' cap ja 3' saba. RNProteins tunnevad ja detekteerivad RNAd tekib RNParticle. AG reegel- Ülavoolu: Int...
A short overview of veganism Veganism is both the practice of abstaining from What is the use of animal products, particularly in diet, and an associated philosophy that rejects the veganism? commodity status of animals. Eating vegan has a number of benifits that include: Why do Improving one`s health people go Helping the environment vegan? Saving the animals Our planeet is tumoil, humans are ailing in health, and animals are suffering everyday, but that can be fixed by simply going vegan, if you should be interested in contrbuting. So what? A vegan diet benifits everything and everyone on ? our planeet Simple changes in your diet and lifestyle can make a huge impact for yourself and the planeet we live on. Processed meat was rightfully demonized as ...
Wörter 1. Die Gentechnik, -en - geenitehnoloogia 2. der Aminosauer, -äure- aminohape 3. die Biosynthese, -n - biosüntees 4. der Bakteriophag, -en - bakteriofaag 5. der Genexpression, -en - geeniekspressioon, -väljendumine 6. das Bronchialkarzinom, -e kopsuvähk 7. der Krebs, -e - vähk 8. die Epidemologie, -n -epidemoloogia 9. der Lungentumor, -en - kopsukasvaja 10. die Kanzerogene, -en - kantserogeen ( vähki põhjustav geen) 11. der Prävention, -en - ennetamine 12. der Antikörper- antikeha 13. der Biotransformation, -en - biotransformatsioon 14. die Enzyme, -en - ensüüm 15. ensymatisch- ensümaatiline 16. der Hämoglobin, -e - hemoglobiin 17. der Gerinnungsfaktor, -en - hüübimisfaktor 18. klonen- kloonima 19. die Genkartierung- geeni kaardistus 20. der Mikroorganismus- mikroorganism 21. die Zelle- rakk 22. der Allel- alleel 23. anaerob- anaeroobne 24. das Antigen, -e - antigeen 25. der Startcodon- star...
Geenide regulatsioon Geenide ekspressioon = avaldumine Geenide ekspressiooni erinevused võimaldavad erinevaid rakumorfoloogiaid Inimese vananemine on geenide ekspressiooni muutus Kloonimine on geenide avaldumise reprogrammeerimine Mis on geen? • Tänapäeval on geeni mõistet raske defineerida. Varem oli lihtsam: üks geen – üks polüpeptiid. • Geen kui geneetilise informatsiooni üksus • Geen on reeglina (tuumas oleva genoomi või mitokondri) DNA nukleotiidne järjestus, mis on vajalik: a) valgu polüpeptiidi sünteesiks b) RNA molekulide (nagu tRNA ja rRNA) sünteesiks • Eukarüootse genoomi geenid on sagedasti ümbritsetud mittekodeerivate aladega. Homoloogsed, paralo ogsed ja ortoloogsedgeenid Homoloogsed geenid on need, mis on omavahel sarnased. Enamasti on nad evolutsiooni käigus tekkinud ühest ja samast eellasgeenist • Kui homoloo...
MOLEKULAAR- JA RAKUBIOLOOGIA | YTM0011 I KONTROLLTÖÖ KORDAMISKÜSIMUSED | 20/09/10 I VALKUDE STRUKTUUR 1. Aminohapped, aluselised ja happelised, hüdrofiilsed ja hüdrofoobsed, polaarsed vs. mittepolaarsed, kõrvalahelate tüübid. Aluselised: Lüsiin, Arginiin, Histidiin. Happelised: Aspartaat, Glutamaat. Hüdrofoobsed: Alaniin, Valiin, Leutsiin, Metioniin, Isoleoutsiin, Fenüülalaniin, Trüptofaan, Tyrosiin. Hüdrofiilsed: Arginiin, Lüsiin, Aspargiin, Glutamaat, Proliin, Aspartaat. Polaarsed: Türosiin, Histidiin, Lüsiin, Arginiin, Aspartaat, Glutamaat, Treoniin, Seriin, Aspargiin, Glutamiin. Mittepolaarsed: Alaniin, Valiin, Leutsiin, Isoleutsiin, Fenüülalaniin, Metioniin, Proliin, Trüptofaan. 2. Peptiidside, C ja N teminus, peptiidid ja valgud, dalton. Peptiidside on kovalentne side pep...
*KOOLI NIMI* TOIDULISANDID Uurimustöö kehalises kasvatuses Autor: ****** Juhendaja: ********* *Linn* 2012 SISSEJUHATUS Töös käsitletakse toidulisandeid sportlastele, selle omadusi ja selle mõju kehale. Uuritakse kuidas neid peaks kasutama. Käsitletakse mõndaid populaarsemaid lisandeid mida inimesed kasutavad. Räägitakse mida nad sisaldavad ja kuidas töötavad. Teema oli valitud autori huvide tõttu fitnessi vastu ning on väga aktuaalne seoses spordi populaarsuse kasvuga. Põhiliseks allikaks oli veebileht www.fitness.ee. Empiiriline osa koosneb ainult kirjanduse analüüsist. On võetud teemaks ,,Massi lisamine" ning selleks enim kasutataimad Eestis toidulisandid internet poest www.fitshop.fitness.ee ja räägitakse mis nad endas sisaldavad ja kuidas töötavad. 1.MIS ON TOIDULISANDID? Toidulisandid on spetsiaalselt tehtud ained nende...
Exercise Physiology Anaerobic Energy Systems Anaerobic Pathways · Anaerobic Glycolysis (lactate system) 10 s to 2 minutes. · ATP-PCr (phosphate system) Less than 10 s · 200 m Sprint (50-100 m Sprint swimming) Men's WR:19.32 s - Michael Johnson (37.3 km/h) Women's WR: 21.34s - Flo Griffith-Joyner (34 km/h · Energy system: The lactate system · Fuel: Carbohydrate only Anaerobic Glycolysis · Breakdown of glucose or glycogen via special glycolytic enzymes. · First glucose or glycogen must be converted to Glucose 6-phosphate. Glucose to glucose 6-phosphate costs 1 ATP · Glycolysis produces pyruvic acid, without oxygen pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid. · Net gain 3 moles of ATP (glucose = 2 ATP) Anaerobic Glycolysis · Reserve fuel activated when a person accelerates during race, during the last 200 m of a mile run, or performs a 400 m run or 100 m s...
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