It is a form of government in which an individual has the actual or nominal supreme power, who is the head of state, often for life or until abdication. Since 1800, most of the world's monarchies have been abolished, and most of the nations that retain monarchs are constitutional monarchies. The most recent nation to abolish its monarchy was Nepal, which became a republic in this year, on May 28. Currently 44 nations in the world have monarchs as heads of state, 16 of which are Commonwealth realms that recognize Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom as head of state. After commonwealth realm there are some more types of monarchy: constitutional, semi- constitutional, absolute and subnational monarchies. Many nations formerly with absolute monarchies, such as Morocco, have moved towards constitutional monarchies, although th...
c Capital and largest city Capital: Ottawa Area: 2,778.64 km2 (1,072.9 sq mi) Population: 812 100 (2006) Largest city: Toronto Area: 630 km2 (243.2 sq mi) Population: 2 503 300 (2006) Click icon to add picture Click icon Ottawa t o a d d p ic t ure Click icon to add picture Click icon t o a d d p ic t Toronto ure Government Federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy - Monarch Elizabeth II - Governor General David Johnston - Prime Minister Stephen Harper Area - Total 9,984,670 km2 (3,854,085 sq mi) - Water (%) 8.92 (891,163 km2/344,080 mi2) Canada's flag Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level...
The spirits sold in Russia, the mash from the distilleries was used to fatten the cattle, whose manure was fertilizing the fields. At the same time, the lifestyle of the nobility and other Baltic Germans became far more refined. Taking advantage of the economic boom, they erected grand neo-classical mansions surrounded by splendid parks which adorn the Estonian landscape even today. Influences of Pietism and the Moravian Brethren Being joined to Russia did not mean isolation for Estonia. It belonged to the German cultural sphere and was therefore able to participate in pan-European cultural and spiritual movements. During the first half of the 18th century, the influence of Pietism grew in strength, no longer hindered by the ideological pressure of the Swedish absolutist monarchy . The number of Baltic German students increased in Halle, the centre of German Pietism. One of the leaders of the movement, August Hermann Francke, also dispatched Pietist pastors to fill the numerous teaching posts at Estonian church and town schools left vacant by the Northern War. Pietism stressed individual religious experience and encouraged the faithful to read the Bible themselves. The Pietists thus strove to develop the Estonian language and religious literature. The full vernacular Bible appeared in 1739. The translators tried to eliminate the vast difference between the `country language' and `church language'. The Bible translation became the basic text that regulated the written Estonian language for more than a century. Despite its enormous impact on the development of the Estonian language, individualistic Pietism found a direct response primarily among the German-speaking clergy and nobility. The Estonian peasantr...
The 17th century In England 17th century was a time of political and religious turmoil. It is known as a struggle between Parliament and the throne. 1625 came to rule Charles I, who was proved to be politically stubborn. In 1642 civil war broke out between the Cavaliers and the Roundheads. Oliver Cromwell was a puritan who brought the Roundheads to the victory and temporarily ended the monarchy in 1649. Charles I was beheaded. Oliver Cromwell ruled England for 9 violent years. The return of the oldest son of Charles I in 1660 is called the Restoration. In 1660 the Royal Society of London was established to promote scientific research. In 1688 the Glorious Revolution was without bloodshed or violence. The 1689 Bill of Rights limited monarch's powers. Parliamtary government was established. 1665 the Great Plague, 1666 the Great Fire. ...
European explorers and trappers brought European diseases that spread rapidly through native trade routes and decimated the Aboriginal population. For much of the 17th century, the English and French colonies in North America were able to develop in relative isolation from each other. French colonists extensively settled the St. Lawrence River valley, while English colonists largely settled in the Thirteen Colonies to the south. However, as competition for territory, naval bases, furs and fish escalated, several wars broke out between the French, English and Native tribes. 13. Political system, symbols Canada is a constitutional monarchy with Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada as head of state, and a parliamentary democracy with a federal system of parliamentary government and strong democratic traditions. Formally considered a constitutional monarchy, Canada is governed by its own House of Commons. While the governor- general is officially the representative of Queen Elizabeth II, in reality the governor- general acts only on the advice of the Canadian prime minister. Official symbols of Canada include the maple leaf, beaver, and the Canadian Horse. Many official symbols of the country such as the Flag of Canada have been changed or modified over the past few decades in order to 'Canadianize' them and remove references to the United Kingdom. Prominently, the use of the maple leaf as a Canadian symbol dates back to the early 18th century, and is depicted on its current and previous flags, the penny, and on the coat of arms (or royal arms). The Canadian Horse is an official...
,,Jumalaema kirik Pariisis" Victor Hugo See prantsuse kirjaniku tuntud romaan räägib mitme tegelase elust 15. sajandi Pariisis. Oskuslikult on vahele põimitud peatükid, mis käsitlevad Pariisi arhitektuuri. Jutustuse peategelasteks on noor poeet Pierre Gringoire, ülemdiakon Claude Frollo, kellalööja Quasimodo ja ilus mustlasneiu Esmeralda, kes ühendab tegelased jutustuseks. Vähesel määral on mainitud kuulsaid tolle aja inimesi. Tegelased on väga erinevad: Claude Frollo on paheline isiksus. Jutustuses jääb kõlama Claude Frollo moto:" Kui ei saa mina teda, ei pea teda keegi saama." Seevastu Quasimodo, poolenisti valmis, nagu ta ise ütleb, on läbinisti hea. Olles kirikus varjul, ei ole ta näinud inimeste viha ja silmakirjalikkust. Kuigi loodus pole temaga helde olnud, suudab ta rõõmu leida sealt, kust keegi teine seda otsidagi ei oska. Quasimododoga peaaegu ühele pulgale võib...
Tallinn 2007 Table of contents: Factfile............................................................................................. ................................. Symbols.......................................................................................... ....................................Head of State................................................................................................ ................... Government....................................................................................... ............................... History............................................................................................. .................................. Relief...................................................................................................
And head of state is Elizabeth II, who is also the Queen of Great Britain. From 1759 to 1931 Canada was a part of the British Empire,but in 1931 they got an independence from Britain. Canada's prime minister is Steven Harper. First constitution of Canada was adopted in 1982. Until that the act of Great Britain's parlament was inforced. Head of state is locally presented by generalgovernor. The legislative institution is parlament that has two houses. The members of Senat are appointed by generalgoverner on the bases of the propose of Prime Minister. The House of Representatives are elected on general direct elections for five years.The state is governed by the Government that reports to the Parlament. The Prime Minister is the leader of the party that holds a majority in the Parlament. Every Province has it's own Parlament and Government. The monarchy is represented by the leutenantgovernor. The Frenchspeaking province of Canada (Quebec) is very different culturally. Since the 1960s there has been a strong movement to became an independent country (separatist movement). 80 % of Canada's French speaking people lives in Quebec. Canada has ten provinces and two territories (the capital of each is shown in parentheses): Alberta (Edmonton), British Columbia (Victoria), Prince Edwars Island (Charlottetown), Manitoba (Winnipeg), New Brunswick (Fredericton), Nova Scotia (Halifax), Nunavut (Iqaluit), Ontario (Toronto), Quebec (Quebec City), Saskatchewan (Regina), Newfoundland and Labrador (St. John's), Northwest Territories (Yellowknife) and Yukon Territory (Whitehorse). Geographically, Canada can be divided into five major regions: the Pacific Region, the Prairie Provinces, Central Canada, the Atlantic Provinces and the North. The Pacific Region includes...
The next invaders were the Anglo-Saxons. They came from nowadays Germany, Holland and Denmark. In 1066 the last successful invasion was made by French-speaking Normans. French became the language of the ruling class, Latin was the written language. By the 14th century, however, English began to replace both French and Latin, but the English language still contains numerous French and Latin borrowings. The Hundred Years War between England and France and the Black Death had a great negative influence on Britain. Over 13 of the population died. During the fifteenth century the throne of England was claimed by two rival groups - the House of York and the House of Lancaster. As the symbol of the House of York was a white rose and the symbol of the House of Lancaster was a red rose, the war between the groups was called the War of the Roses. It lasted from 1455 to 1485 and ended with the establishment of the powerful Tudor monarchy . Civil War broke out in 1642 and it lasted until1649. It ended with complete victory for the parliamentary forces. The king was captured and executed after a trial for crimes against his people. The leader of the parliamentary army, Oliver Cromwell, became "Lord Protector" of the republic. The monarchy was restored in 1660, after the death of Cromwell. In the 18th.century Britain expanded its empire in America, in Africa and India. Technological inventions led to the Industrial Revolution. Hundreds of thousands of people moved from rural areas into new towns and cities. London became an important business and trading centre. By the 19th century Britain was a powerful empire with its colonies in Canada, France, Australia, New Zealand, India and Africa. Tens of thousands people left Great Britain to settle in these colonies. Government The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom...
Population: 33,437,000 Area total: 9,984,670 km² Currency: Dollar Government: Parliamentary democracy and Constitutional monarchy - Monarch: Queen Elizabeth II - Governor General: Michaëlle Jean - Prime Minister: Stephen Harper Flag of Canada The National Flag of Canada, also known as the Maple Leaf The flag made its first appearance on February 15, 1965; the date is now celebrated annually as National Flag of Canada Day Torontos CN Tower Height 553.33 m Completed in 1976 Visitors per year 2 million Weight 130,000 tons Communication mast 400,000...
BORN TO BE KING * monarch or sovereign ainuvalitseja või monarh * sole power ainuvõim * considerably reduced power märgatavalt taandatud võim * constitutional monarchy or parliamentary democracy konstitutsiooniline monarhia või parlamentaarne demokraatia * nominally nominaalselt (nime järgi) * commander in Chief of the armed forces komandör relvastatud sõjaväes * their mother's coffin nende ema kirst * funeral procession matusetalitus * the fairytale princess come true muinasjutuprintsess sai tõeks * admired her simplicity and warmth imetlesid tema lihtsust ja soojust * to treat somebody as equals kohtlema kedagi võrdselt * her radiant smile and elegant gowns tema särav naeratus ja elegantne ametirüü * shifting bales of hay liikuvad heinapallid ? :D * 12tunnised vahetused tööl * mucking out sõnnikust puhastama? :D * to study an MA õppima humanitaarteaduse magistriks * deciding to reject his inheritance...
Plague and fire London suffered two disasters in later Stuart years. In 1665 the Great Plague killed about 70,000 people. In the 1666 the Great Fire destroyed almost all of the City and a large area to the west. Thousands of new houses were built, and Christopher Wren constructed St Paul's Cathedral as well as many churches. Stuart London The first Stuart king, James I, came to the throne in 1603. In 1605 a group of men tried to blow up both him and the Houses of Parliament. This Gunpowder Plot failed. In 1625 Charles I came to the throne. Civil war broke out in1642 between supporters of the king and the parliamentary forces, led by Puritan called Oliver Cromwell. Charles I was beheaded in1649 and Britain became a republic known as the Commonwealth. In 1660 the monarchy retuned. Saxons and Vikings Later in the 5th century, Saxons settled just west of Londinium and formed the town of Lundenwic. It was raided by Danish Vikings in the 9th century. Alfred the Great defeated the Vikings in 886 and rebuilt the Roman city. In 1016 the Vikings triumphed again ruled until 1042, when Edward the Confessor took over. THE PEOPLE OF LONDON London is a growing city with a populatsion of more than seven million. It is also a multicultural city, as it been since Roman times. Now about a quarter of the capital's inhabitans are members of ethnic minorities. The Irish community The largest nonEnglish group in London is the Irish community. People from Ireland first went to London in large numbers in 1845, when disease killed their potato crops, leading to famine. Many...
It is one of the most famous prehistoric sites in the world and is composed of earthworks surrounding a circular setting of large standing stones. The surrounding circular, earth bank and ditch, have been dated to about 3100 BC. Stonehenge was produced by a culture with no written language. Many aspects of Stonehenge remain subject to debate. There is little or no direct evidence for the construction techniques used by the Stonehenge builders. *The Celts in Britain and their legacy The Cets lived in Britain in The Iron Age. They were warring tribes who were battleful amongst themselves as well as inter-tribal war. They were not centrally governed. The Celts brought iron working, iron ploughs and metal swords, horses, wheels and chariots - all these things gave them an instant superiority over the native tribes. The Celts built a number...
Introduction The name Australia is derived from the Latin Australis, meaning of the south. In land area, Australia is the sixth largest nation, its territory is 7,686,850 sq km and its population reaches today over 20,5 million people. It is the only nation to govern an entire continent and its outlying islands. Australia's capital is Canberra, the only city with its own territory. It was built in the early 1900s just to be the capital. The official language is English and the official name of Australia is the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia is located on the Southern Hemisphere (because of that Australia is also called "A land down under"). 2 . Geographical position Australia is an island continent and...
The land of diversity. Tallinn 2006 Canada. If you had to use two words to describe Canada, they might be large and diverse. Canada is the second largest country in the world with a territory of about 10 million square kilometers and it is bordered by three oceans: the Arctic, the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans. The population of Canada is about 31 million people. About 77% of the people live in cities which lie in a band about 100 miles wide above the border of the United States. The capital of Canada is Ottawa. Other large cities are Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver, Winnipeg and Quebec. Canada has two official languages English and French. It's interesting to know that about 61% of Canadians name English and 24% French their mother tongue. There are also many other languages spoken in Canada such as: Italian, Chinese, German, Polish,...
Introduction If you had to use two words to describe Canada, they might be large and diverse. Canada is the second largest country in the world with a territory of about 10 million square kilometers and it is bordered by three oceans: the Arctic, the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans. The population of Canada is about 31 million people. About 77% of the people live in cities which lie in a band about 100 miles wide above the border of the United States. The capital of Canada is Ottawa. Other large cities are Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver, Winnipeg and Quebec. 2. Geographical position Canada is a huge country in the continent of North America. It is bordered with the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west, the United States of America in the south and the Arctic Ocean in the north. Canada is a vast...
Introduction The official name of Great Britain is `the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (or short United Kingdom)' The population is about 60.4 million. The capital is London. Other biggest cities include Birmingham, Bristol, Portsmouth, Glasgow and Swansea. English is the main language of Great Britain, but Welsh is officially recognized in Wales and Gaelic in Scotland. 2. Geographical position The British Isles is the geographical term for a group of about 5000 islands off the coast of mainland Europe. The largest island is Great Britain, which is also the largest island in Europe. It consists of England, Wales and Scotland. The next largest island is Ireland, which is made up of Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic. Britain and Northern Island together form the United Kingdom. When referring to Britain...
He demanded that the priests and state officials should learn. Alfred himself taught at a school which had been started in the palace where the sons of the nobles learned to read & write. Books on religion, history & philposophy were translated into Anglo-Saxon. Many Latin words came into Anglo-Saxon. Alfred ordered the literate men to help and establish a system of law. He ordered that the old customs & laws should be collected, new laws were added, so a Code of English Law was drawn up. He also ordered the learned men to collect all that was known of the early history of the country & to keep a record of the outstanding events. Thus the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which continued for 250 years after Alfred's death, was written. Power went into the hands of those who could read & write. In the 2nd half of the 10th cent. under the rule of Alfred's descendants, the Saxon monarchy was further consolidated. Alfred's son Edward, the Elder, and his sister defeated the Northumbrian Vikings. Edward took control of the Danelaw and ruled over the whole of England. The Danes were not driven out of the country, they were made subjects of Wessex. The descendants of the Danish conquerors became peaceful peasants & traders. They were skilful shipbuilders. They were not very different from the Anglo-Saxons. They had adopted their town. Many Scandinavian words came into the English language (happy, ugly, ill, weak etc.) The Saxons' Golden Age started when Athelstan (Alfred's grandson, Edward's son), won a great victory in 937 against an army of Irish Vikings, Scots & Stathclyde Britons. Athelstan was interested in good government. He ordered on coinage to be used throughout the land. The king was a collector of art & holy relics. After his death his successors, Edmund & Eadred, had to fight new Viking raiders. Englan...
Mary I Mary I, called Mary Tudor (1516-1558), Queen of England (1553-1558). Mary was born in London on February 18, 1516, the daughter of Henry VIII by his first wife, Catherine of Aragón. Because Henry divorced Catherine, Mary was declared illegitimate. Nonetheless, Henry included her in his will, and on the death of her half-brother, Edward VI, on July 6, 1553, she became the legal heir to the throne. Although Lord High Chamberlain John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, favoured the succession of his daughter-in-law, Lady Jane Grey, and proclaimed her queen on July 10, the country supported Mary. As a Roman Catholic, Mary began her reign by sweeping away t...
) Population density 3.5 inhabitats per km2 Among the lowest in the world Currency Canadian Dollar (CAD) 2 Official Languages English and French Government system constitutional monarchy and federal parliamentary diplomacy POLITICAL SYSTEM Constitutional monarchy Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, head of state Governor General appointed by the monarch Parliamentary democracy Similar parliamentary system to other Commonwealth realms Federation "One Dominion under the name of Canada" with the Constitution Act of 1867 GEOGRAPHY Located in North America, north of USA Territory - 9,984,670 km2 World's second largest country CLIMATE Due to large territory, climate varies in greatly ECONOMY One of world's wealthiest nations 1,406,000 GDP 9th in the world About ¾ of Canadians employed in s...
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