PREFIX- MEANING- EXAMPLE Ize- make into- sterilize, satirize A, in, on, of, up, to- ablaze, atop Ly- in a specific way- softly, kindly Circum- around- circumference Ity- state, condition, civility, acidity In- in, into, within- inhabit Post- after, following, later- postscript Sub- under, below- submerge Ab- from, off, away- absent Con- with, together- congregate In- not, opposing- insincere Pre- before- prefix Super- over, above, extra- superabundant Ad- to, toward- advance Contra- against, opposing- contradict Inter- among, between- international Pro- foward- proceed Trans- across, over- transfusion Ante- before, previous- antecedent De- down, from- descend Intra, intro- to the inside, within- intramural Re- back, again- rebound Un- not- unhappy Anti- against, opposing- antifreeze Dis- apart, away- disappear Mis- badly, wrong- mistake Semi- half, partly- semicircle Uni- one- u...
Medieval literature Religious literature- mostly written in church languages(Latin, Greek, Old Slavic) Secular literature- written in vernacular languages as well 6th -15th century Anonymity Religious writing Liturgical writing-hymns, psalms Theological writing-aquinas, abelard etc Religious poetry Mystery plays-reenactment of bible stories Secular writing Troubadour writing:"courtly love", romance Epic poem(song of roland) Travel writing History writing-chronicles Allegory The use of symbols and analogy to convey a certain meaning /message Literary output of medieval English Anglo-saxon or Old English literature(7th century-1066) Middle english literature(12th century-15th century) End of the period:1470s chancery standard(regulating english) and onset of renaissance Middle English literature Written in many dialects in early period 14th century Middle english was used for majority literary works...
Ursula 10. klass Navajo Artwork Navajo Artwork The Navajo are well-known for their many crafts including weaving of blankets and rugs, silversmithing, basketry and sandpainting. Authentic Navajo art or handcraft consists of handmade items produced by a Native American craftsperson, using high-quality, natural materials that are not machine stamped. The Navajo people are regarded as being the pioneers of Native American art. They are particularly renowned for their rugs and unique silversmithing techniques. They were also pioneers when it came to basketry and are recognized the world over for their basket weaving skills. Rug Weaving Commercial production of handwoven blankets and rugs has been an important element of the Navajo economy. Rug weaving is another traditional Navajo art form. Navajo women believe the art of weaving was taught by Spider Woman, who constructed a loom...
English structure revision for the exam 1. Terms Language → A systematic, conventional (tavakohane) use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. Human language at all levels is rule- or principle- governed (valitsema) meaning that language corresponds to the grammar. Natural language is usually spoken, while language can also be encoded into symbols (such as letters, morse etc) For example: Estonian, English. Linguistics → The scientific study of human natural language. Broadly, there are three aspects to the study which are Pragmatics (studies the use of language → interested in the gap between the sentence’s meaning and the speaker’s meaning). Semantics (concerned with the meaning of the language aspects and the way they change, also how objects and language and thinking and language are related). ...
The Rich Boy Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald Words 1. Queer. Meaning in Estonian: imelik, veider. Example from book: That is because we are all queer fish, queerer behind our faces and voices... 2. To conceal. Meaning in Estonian: varjama. Example from book: I feel pretty sure that he has some definite and perhaps terrible abnormality which he has agreed to conceal... 3. Misprision. Meaning in Estonian: kuriteo varjamine. Example from book: ...And his protestation of being average and honest and open is his way of reminding himself of his misprision. 4. Cynical. Meaning in Estonian: küüniline. Example from book: They are...cynical where we are thrustful. 5. Refuges. Meaning in Estonian: varjupaigad. Example from book: ...We had to d...
Review questions English lexicology Size of English vocabulary. Average speaker 45,000-60,000 words, a total of about 200,000. Core and periphery. English has been heavily influenced by other languages. 31.8 % comes from Old English, 45% comes from French, 16,7% comes from Latin, 4,2% other germanic languages and 2,3 other languages. The very core is mono-syllabic (93 of the first 100 words and the other seven are two-syllabic). The core vocabulary is predominantly germanic. Native and foreign element. Native words belong to very important semantic group (modal verbs-shall, will, can, may; pronouns- I, you, he, my, his; preps- in, out, under; numerals and conjunctions::but, till, as. Native words are head, arms, back; mother, brother, son, wife; snow, rain, wind, sun; cat, sheep, cow; old, young, cold, hot, dark; do, make, go, come, see. Many native words have developed many meanings (nt, hand, man, head). Most native words have become ...
Q: Social order requires social behaviour to be predictable and individuals to cooperate. Amongst the explanations of social order are five outlined by Hechter and Horne: `meaning', `values and norms', `power and authority', `spontaneous interaction' and `networks and groups'. Describe how at least three of these (or other) factors might explain social order, and discuss the extent to which you find the explanations convincing. Introduction For societies to cohere and cooperate, it is necessary for individuals within them to have a predictable and collaborative behaviour. The presence of social order enables individuals to feel more secure publicly, as it enables them to somewhat predict their lives. Social order is also necessary for stability and serves as the basis for collective advancements. There are several theories and explanations for why social order persists and emerges. Hechter and Horne in the reader Theories of Social Ord...
Tallinn: Situated in the north of the country, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, Tallinn is the capital of Estonia and also the largest city in the country. It occupies an area of 159.2 km2 (61.5 sq mi) with a population of 411,196. During different periods, the city has been known under several different names. In 1154 a town called Qlwn or Qalaven (possible derivations of Kalevan or Kolyvan) was put on the world map of the Almoravid by cartographer Muhammad al-Idrisi who described it as a small town like a large castle among the towns of Astlanda. It has been suggested that the Quwri in Astlanda may have denoted the predecessor town of today's Tallinn. The earliest name Kolyvan may be derived from the mythical Estonian hero Kalev. Up to the 13th century the Scandinavians and Henry of Livonia in his chronicle called the town Lindanisa: Lyndanisse in Danish, Lindanäs in Swedish, also mentioned as Ledenets in Old East Slavic. Accordin...
Leixcology revision questions 1) Composition of english vocabulary Vobabulary is the sum of a total of words used in a language by speekers or used in a dictionary. English vocabulary cosists of six units: Simple words- fall Complex words- prefall Phrasal word- face up to Compound word- face lift Multiword expression- face the music Shortened forms- prefab (prefabely?) 2) Core and pherifery English has been heavily influenced by other languages. 31.8 % comes from old english, 45% comes from french, 16,7% comes from latin, 4,2% other germanic languages and 2,3 other languages. The very core is mono-syllabic (93 of the first 100 words nad the other seven are two-syllabic). The core vocabulary is predominantly germanic. 3) Native and foreign elements Native vocabulary: INDO-EUROPEAN- mother, foot, heart, father, sea, night etc GERMANIC- friend, bidge, ship, life, heaven OLD-ENGLISH- bad, bird, woman, lady and gospel LATIN- ch...
Philosophy of Language Philosophy of Language: a Contemporary Introduction introduces the student to the main issues and theories in twentieth and twenty-first-century phi- losophy of language, focusing specifically on linguistic phenomena. Topics are structured in four parts in the book. Part I, Reference and Referring, includes topics such as Russell's Theory of Descriptions, Donnellan's distinction, problems of anaphora, the description theory of proper names, Searle's cluster theory, and the causalhistorical theory. Part II, Theories of Meaning, surveys the competing theories of linguistic mean- ing and compares their various advantages and liabilities. Part III, Pragmatics and Speech Acts, introduces the basic concepts of linguistic pragmatics, includes a detailed discussion of the problem of indirect force and surveys approaches to metaphor. Part IV, new to this edition, examines the four theories of metaphor. Features...
English lexicology 1. Size of English vocabulary Vocabulary is a sum total of words used in a language by speakers or for dictionary-making. Active and passive vocabulary. The Old English vocabulary was homogenous. There were about 50 000 – 60 000 words, 1/3 of which have survived. o About 450 loans from Latin o About 2000 from the Viking invasions. The Middle-English vocabulary became a heterogeneous hybrid of Germanic and Romanic languages. 100 000 to 125 000 words. o About 10 000 loans from Norman French, 75% are still in use o Continuing Latin influence Early Modern English. 200 000 – 250 000 words o English becomes a pluricentric language. o Polyglot. Cosmopolitan language Modern English. 500 000 words o At present at least 1 billion lexical units 2....
1.Lexicology as a science L. studies the voc of lg as a system. Word-learning, lexis-logos. The task of L is to establish the general features of modern Engl voc. Theoretical L. gives a complete picture of voc. Practical value lies in using and appretiating the lg more conciously. There is diachronic (historical) L that studies origin and development; syncronic studies voc at a given historical period. There are general L (studies words disregarding particular features of any particular lg); special L (studies specific features of a separate lg, there is Engl that bases on general L); contrastive (compares vocabularys in different languages). 2. Connection of L with other linguistic disciplines a) the word performes a certain grammatical function (nt, he always misses the class, how many misses are there; the girl powders her nose, soliders face powder)In speech words are combined according to grammatical rules. The plural of nouns m...
LEXICOLOGY 1. Size of English vocabulary 1) Old English – 50,000 to 60,000 words Vocabulary of Shakespeare OE – homogeneous; 1/3 of the vocabulary has survived • 884,647 words of running text About 450 Latin loans (Amosova) • 29,000 different words (incl. work, working, Viking invasions added 2,000 worked, which are counted here as separate 2) Middle English – 100,000 – 125,000 words) English becomes heterogeneous (Norman French, • 21,000 words English, Latin), hybrid of Germanic and Romance languages Norman French influence – about 10,000 words, 75 % are still in use (Baugh) Latin influence continues 3) Early Modern English – 200,000 – 250,000 English becomes a polycentric language; polyglot, cosmopolitan lang...
LEXICAL STYLISTIC DEVICES Based on: interaction of lexical and interaction of denotational interaction of primary circumlocution other cases contextual meaning and emotional meaning and secondary meaning 1. EPITHET 1. METAPHOR indicates individual 1. ZEUGMA 1. PERIPHRASIS 1. BATHOS based on similarity of 2 evaluation of sth. Logical "to join" w-d is use of longer spoiling the lofty effect. Function notions, hidden comparison at...
Teaching the Vocabulary of the Text The Summary is based on the text taken from the Journal `The News letter' written by David Cranmer. Principal among the reasons is the obvious one that once the extensive context is understood, it is easier to concentrate on the detail of individual words. Large-scale vocabulary building is, in general terms, therefore better done after the text has been presented. (Cranmer 1986:60) Another important reason is that it is possible at this stage to exploit the new lexis in its own right, not just as a means comprehension, If we are to bring new vocabulary into active use and not just passive understanding, it is not sufficient for us just to teach it. It should be done in a way, so that teachers should be sure that it is learnt and used. If the words are taught after the target text, then the meaning of the words will be more understandable. In this case, the `matching' is...
STYLISTICS 1. Style, stylistics, a survey of stylistic studies The term ,,style" is polysemantic. Latin ,,stilus"--a writing instrument used by the ancients for writing on waxed tablets. Soon, the meaning was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. Jonathan Swift said: ,, Style is proper words in proper places" Present day--half a dozen meanings: · the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his ideas (Style of Byron) · the manner of expressing ideas characteristic of a literary movement or period (symbolism, romanticism) · the use of lg. typical of a literary genre (comedy, drama, novel) · the selective use of lg that depends on spheres of human activity. These are called functional styles or registers (fiction, newspaper) Stylist...
1. STYLE The term "style" is polysemantic (has many meanings): a Latin word "stilus" originally meant a writing instrument used by ancient people. Already in classical Latin the meaning was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. Jonathan Swift defined style as "proper words in proper places". In present day English the word "style" is used in about a dozen of principle meanings: 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his/her ideas (e.g. style of Byron) 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period 3. the use of language typical of a literary genre (e.g. the style of a comedy, drama, novel). 4. the selective use of language that depends on spheres / areas of human activity (e.g. style of fiction, scientific prose, newspapers, business correspondence, etc.). STYLISTICS Stylistics is the study of s...
3. slaid If we destroy some kind of spiece, we cant recreate it. They carrie unique information which cant be restored. Maybe in the future, the technology will get so far that they can recreate some extincted spieces. Here is araucaria mirabilis which was living approximately 160 million years ago If we create some culture on the field or cut down some alder forest and replace it with spruces, will it have interaction to the whole world? It's extremely difficult to answer, because there are so many factors. 4. slaid Renewable resources have became metaphor with meaning that its easy way to produce energy. Its easy to destroy our forests but it changes our ecosystem. They cause blowdowns, erosions and so on. 5.slaid scope of history Forests sometimes need to be updated. We need to take down trees with diseases. But we cant cut down trees which have cultu...
ENGLISH IDIOMS Nõmmik Vilian Apprentice 10 "A" class Ahtme Gymnasium Kohtla-Järve Relevance of the topic Ø The English language becomes the means of international communication, the language of trade, education, politics, and economics. People have to communicate with each other. It is very important for them to understand foreigners and be understood by them. Goal of my research work Ø Goal of my research work is to prove that idioms in the English language are integral part of it, which make our speech more colorful and authentically native. Tasks I like to achieve the following tasks: 1. To classify idioms; 2. To study the problem of the translation of idioms; 3. To understand the aim of the modern usage of idioms; 4. To distinguish different kinds of idioms; 5. To...
Simple Present Present Progressive/Continious (99%) infinitive form of 'be' and verb + ing (3rd person singular: infinitive + 's') I speak I am speaking you speak you are speaking he / she / it speaks he / she / it is speaking we speak we are speaking they speak they are speaking Signal words: always, every, often, normally, usually, Signal words: at the moment, at this moment, today, sometimes, seldom, never, first, then now, right now, Listen!, Look! Rules · in general (regularly, often, never) · right now e...
For many people, money is the most important thing in the world What is the meaning of life? What is happiness? Surely everyone has asked these questions from himself and has thought about that. It can not be answered the same, because people have different personalities and value judgements. It looks like for some people happiness depends on that how much money they can earn. Money is for them the most important thing in the world. Somehow money is important for all of us. We need it for everything: to buy food, clothes and other bare necessities. Also we buy other things and services that are less necessity, but we just want to buy them. Money is resource for buying things, is it also a purpose? Why are we studying? Because we want to get a good job, it means for one thing that we want to get big salary. We attempt to make career to get even bigger salary, even more money. We spend huge part of our life for earning money....
Traditions What is tradition? From a scientific point of view a tradition is a ritual, belief or object passed down within a society, still maintained in the present, with origins in the past. I think it is easier to say that a tradition is a way of doing things that is handed down from generation to generation in a family, club, nation, any group. Why are traditions important? They bring you closer together. They are a trigger, a reason to get together, they bring back happy memories. Without traditions life would not be as fulfilled. Traditions are the glue that binds one generation to another. They give every member something to look forward to in our sometimes chaotic lives. They remind us to slow down and remember the things and people that are most important. There are many different traditions and they all have different meaning. In my opinion the most important traditions are family ones, like celebrating birthdays, anniversa...
Style The term style is a polysemantic one. The latin word ,,stilus" meant a writing instrument used by the ancients for writing on waxed tablets. Already, in classical latin the meaning of style was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. One of the abts/the best was given by Jonathan Swift: ,,Proper words in proper places." In present- day english, the world style is used in about half a dozen basic meanings. 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his ideas. Some speak about the style of Hemingway, Dickens etc. 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period. Style of symbolism, romanticism 3. the use of language to pick a literary genre-comedy, novel, drama, O.D (poetic form) etc. 4. the selective use of language that depends on spheres of human activity fiction, scientific prose, newspape...
Types of Verbs Group I Normal Verbs Most verbs are "Normal Verbs." These verbs are usually physical actions which you can see somebody doing. These verbs can be used in all tenses. Normal Verbs to run, to walk, to eat, to fly, to go, to say, to touch, etc. Examples: · I eat dinner every day. · I am eating dinner now. Group II Non-Continuous Verbs The second group, called "Non-Continuous Verbs," is smaller. These verbs are usually things you cannot see somebody doing. These verbs are rarely used in continuous tenses. They include: Abstract Verbs to be, to want, to cost, to seem, to need, to care, to contain, to owe, to exist... Possession Verbs to possess, to own, to belong... Emotion Verbs to like, to love, to hate, to dislike, to fear, to envy, to mind... Examples: · He is needing help now. Not Correct · He needs help now. Correct · He is wanting a drink now. Not Correct ...
LEL 2E Notes on Vocabulary One of the key facts about the lexicon of any language is that it reflects in various ways the physical and cultural environment in which the language is spoken. A people unfamiliar with, say, horses is unlikely to have a word for `horse'; similarly with ploughs, printing presses, and internet porn sites. For the most part this is trivial it's hard to imagine how it could be otherwise, given the general nature of human language. People tend to make a great deal of the alleged fact (see Pullum 1989) that "the Eskimos have lots of words for snow", but it doesn't take much thought to realise that any language spoken in a given physical and cultural environment is likely to have efficient ways of referring to distinctions that are important in that environment. That doesn't mean that you can read very much into individual words and individual facts about the lexicon of a given language (this topic has already c...
Humanistlik paradigma Organismiline lähenemine Abraham Harold Maslow (1908 - 1970) Maslow, A. Motivation and personality. 1954 (1970). Maslow, A. Toward a psychology of being. 1968. Humanistlik psühholoogia American Association of Humanistic Psychology (1962) I Psühholoogia eesmärgid: 1.Uurida inimese kogemust (experiencing person) 2. Uurida loovust, valikuid ja eneseteostust. 3. Uurida isiksuse jaoks olulisi sündmusi. 4. Psühholoogia eesmärk on aidata inimestel oma eneseväärikust tõsta. Eneseteostus (self-actualization) organismiline lähenemine What humans can be, they must be. II Motivatsioon: defitsiidi vajadused (D-needs) olemise vajadused (B-needs) III Vajaduste hierarhia: Vajaduste hierarhia D-needs, B-needs 1. Füsioloogilised vajadused (Physiological needs) söök, vesi, uni, sek...
Humanistlik paradigma Organismiline lähenemine Abraham Harold Maslow (1908 - 1970) Maslow, A. Motivation and personality. 1954 (1970). Maslow, A. Toward a psychology of being. 1968. Humanistlik psühholoogia American Association of Humanistic Psychology (1962) I Psühholoogia eesmärgid: 1.Uurida inimese kogemust (experiencing person) 2. Uurida loovust, valikuid ja eneseteostust. 3. Uurida isiksuse jaoks olulisi sündmusi. 4. Psühholoogia eesmärk on aidata inimestel oma eneseväärikust tõsta. Eneseteostus (self-actualization) organismiline lähenemine What humans can be, they must be. II Motivatsioon: defitsiidi vajadused (D-needs) olemise vajadused (B-needs) III Vajaduste hierarhia: Vajaduste hierarhia D-needs, B-needs 1. Füsioloogilised vajadused (Physiological needs) söök, vesi, uni, sek...
Vormsi Island Location Located between Hiiumaa and the mainland Fourth largest Estonian island Covering 92 square kilometres The meaning of "Vormsi" Known as "snake island" Derived from the German name "Worms" or it's Swedish name "Ormsö", both meaning snake island History Vormsi was inhabited by coastal Swedes 2500 people lived there before WWII During the Soviet occupation Vormsi was a closed border-zone Blend of Soviet and Swedish history mixed with unspoilt nature Nowadays Celtic crosses from the 13th century in Vormsi cemetery Vormsi is for people interested in mixed Soviet and Swedish history and rare nature Landscape Juniper fields Seaside meadows Erratic borders Lighthouses Forests Bays Lagoons To get to Vormsi You have to take a ferry (12 km, 45 min.) from Rohuküla port Public transportation bet...
PRESENT CONTINUOUS Klaarika Kaljula 9a Use 1.Present actions 2.Temporary actions 3.Longer actions in progress 4.Future (personal) arrangements and plans 5.Trends 6.Irritation 1.Present Actions Happening at the moment of speaking Most often, we use the Present Continuous tense to talk about actions happening at the moment of speaking. Ex. He is eating a dinner. Mary is talking with her friends. They are swimming in the pool. Stative Verbs There is a certain group of verbs that usually does not appear in the Continuous form. They are called Stative Verbs, and if used in the Continuous form, they have a different meaning. Ex. I think you look pretty today. Meaning: Opinion I'm thinking of moving to San Francisco. Meaning: Act of thinking 2.Temporary Actions Activities continuing only for a limited period of time This tense is also used fo...
FUTURE TENSES FUTURE SIMPLE (WILL/SHALL) Form: will/shall + algvorm USE: 1)Predicting a future happening or situations 2)Shalll can be used with i and we 3)Descisions to do smthing at the time of speakin (offering to o / agreeing to do smthing/ promising to do smth) Negative: I can see you' re busy, so I WON't BE GOING TO Form: am/is/are going to + algvorm Use: 1) Descisions to do smthing, intentions. I'm going to buy a new car 2) Predictions about the future, which are based on the situation now. PRESENT SIMPLE ( I do) WITH A FUTURE MEANING Use: 1)Talking about timetables, programmes: My train leaves at 11.30. 2) Talking about people if their plans are fixed like a timetable. PRESENT CONTINUOUS (I am doing) WITH A FUTURE MEANING Use: 1)Talking about descisions and arrangements (sbdy has decied and arranged to do smthing). He is playing squash on Monday afternoon 2) You can use present contiuous for an action just before you b...
FGI 1081 Stilistika (Irina Ladusseva) Kab. 420 2 AP Ends with an exam; lasts only for 1 semester. At the exam you get 2 questions and an exercise (50 sentences: establish the device used, recognize it, and name it). Care about the pronunciation of the terms. Books: - I. Galperin "Stylistics" - I. Ladusseva "Rhythm and Text" - I. Ladusseva "Vocabulary and Style" - I. Ladusseva "Stylistic practice: Book I, Book II" - I. Ladusseva "A Guide to Punctuation" EXAMINATION TOPICS: 1. Style, stylistics, a survey of stylistic studies ...
Marriage is an outdated institution Is marriage a wonderful institution nowadays, when the meaning of this word is totally different from the meaning that expanded many years ago? Is this document which indicate the union of two people who have given a permission to love each other in sickness and in health, until the death do they part is the evidence of everlasting love? I think the answer for these questions is No and I would talk about my opinions why i think so. First of all, i think everyone know that the rate of divorces is quite high. For example, 50% percent of first marriages, 67% of second and 74% of third marriages end in divorce in America. There are many reasons why this happen and people get divorced. Infidelity, poor communication, change in priorities and cte. Nobody can't say that it does no happen to us, because we love each other so much. but never say never, because if your marriage ...
CHAPTER 1 GETTING TO KNOW THE TOEFL WHAT IS THE TOEFL? The TOEFL is a comprehensive English language examination required by more than 3,000 colleges and universities in the United States, Canada, and other parts of the world. In addition, foreign born professionals frequently need a TOEFL score for certification to practice their profession in the United States or Canada. The TOEFL is a timed test that consists of the three sections listed here. THE TOEFL Section 1 Listening Comprehension 50 questions 35 minutes Part A Statements 20 questions Part B Short Dialogs 15 questions ...
TARTU LIKOOLI NARVA KOLLEDZ Resume Students approaches to learning and teachers approaches to teaching in higher education. Kristina Tairova HUM-IK-I NARVA 2014 Approaches to studying in higher education Research, carried out in Great Britain and Sweden in 1970 identified only three dominant approaches to study. ·A deep approach (understanding the meaning of materials and in my oppinion this approach includes additional studies, very serious way of learning) ·a surface approach (memorising the course materials, the most common approach) ·and the last one, a strategic approach (only grades make sense) But the same student can adopt different approaches, It depends on different things, such as personal interest, teacher, tasks. Conceptions...
Every Cloud Has a Silver Lining Essay "Every cloud has a silver lining" - this is a very commonly used expression meaning that every bad situation has some good aspect to it. It's usually said as an encouragement to someone who is struggling in difficulties and is unable to see any positive way to get out of it. I have to say that I strongly believe in the meaning of this proverb and I try to recall it in my mind every time I'm in a complicated situation. Although I, like every other person in this world, have my ups and downs, I mostly like to think of myself as a positive person. I always seem to surprise people with my "can-do" attitude and smiley face, especially in severe or akward situations. I tend to believe that there's always something good in bad and that things will always turn out well, no matter how hopeless circumstances might be. Some of my friends, as well as couple of my family members are strong pessimists. While spe...
What I Think of Homereading? I think that homereading is important and a good way to educate. Finding a good book to read is not only interesting entertainment but a good way to learn. I think that homereading is necessary for those who want to learn English. Everyone should read books if they have free time. Reading is one of the best things to do in your free time. It is very exciting to read a good book. There are many categories of books: fantasy, romantic, fiction, nonfiction, action, adventure, historical, children's and teen's books, biography, educating books, cooking books. The genre of the book depends what the reader likes to read about. I think that everyone can find something interesting for themselves, they just need to search. These days it is easy to find books, the library is full of books and there are many webpages where reader can read e-books online. Reading is not only fun ...
Philosophy Today The Great Divide Most contemporary philosophers follow one of two approaches "Continental" philosophy "Analytic" philosophy Continental philosophy is more influential on the European continent Analytic philosophy is predominant in the major research universities in the English-speaking world Analytic Philosophy Analytic philosophy developed from attempts in the early 20th century to make our concepts precise. The model of this procedure was science. Emphasis in contemporary analytic philosophy is on language and meaning, and meaning is understood as a relation between language and objective reality. Thus, understanding the structure of language is what reveals the structure of reality. Continental Philosophy At the same time that analytic philosophy was emerging, E. Husserl was developing his "phenomenological" approach...
1)Which elements does alchemy combine? Alchemy combines elements of chemistry, physics, astrology, art, semiotics, metallurgy, medicine, mysticism and religion. 2) 3 goals of alchemy 1.transmutation of any metal into gold or silver 2.creating universal panacea, remedy what would cure all diseases and prolong life indefinetely. – philospher´s stone was the key in these goals 3. creating human life 3) Idea of making gold and silver. Where does it originate and / how to Western Europe? The idea of transmutation arose among the Alexandrian Greeks in the early centuries of the Christian era, then it passed to Arabs and then from Arabs to Western Europe. Since then realization was very important to all chemical workers down to the time of Paracelus and even later. 4)narrow and wider meaning of alchemy Narrow sense of the word, alchemy is pretended art of making gold and silver, or transmuting the base metals into the noble ones. Wid...
Viljandi County Gymnasium Prepositions Name Form 11b Supervisor: Name Viljandi 2009 Viljandi County Gymnasium 1. Prepositions of place The ball is in the box The ball is on the box. The ball is under the box. Jane's house Bill's house John's house John's house is next to Jane's Jane's house is between Bill's Bill's house is next to Jane's house. and John's houses. house. The man stood The climbers The man stood The enemies stood The gardners next to the gopher stood on top of between the two opposite each stood behind the ...
CITATION FORM The citation form of the lexeme is the form that is employed to refer to the lexeme; it is also the form that is used for the alphabetical listing of lexemes in a conventional dictionary. In English, the citation form of a noun is the singular: e.g., mouse rather than mice. For multi-word lexemes which contain possessive adjectives or reflexive pronouns, the citation form uses a form of the indefinite pronoun one: e.g., do one's best, perjure oneself. In many languages, the citation form of a verb is the infinitive: French aller, German gehen, Spanish ir. In English it usually is the full infinitive (to go) although alphabetized without 'to' (go); the present tense is used for some defective verbs (shall, can, and must have only the one form). In Latin, Ancient Greek, and Modern Greek (which has no infinitive), however, the first person singular present tense is normally used, though occasionally the infinitive may also ...
Indefinite Pronouns Table of Contents Some and any....................................................................... 2 No (+ Noun) and none (+ Pronoun) ........................................ 3 Every and each..................................................................... 3 Whole ................................................................................... 4 Both, either and neither ....................................................... 4 Few/a few – a little/little....................................................... 5 A lot of/lots of – much/many................................................ 5 Some, any + -body / -one, + -thing, + -where ........................ 6 Some and any Some and any mean a certain number or amount. They are used with or instead of plural or uncountable nouns. Some is a possible plural form of a/an and one: Have a ...
The Present Simple is the most basic tense in the English language. It is an interesting tense because it can be used Present Simple to express the future. Generally, though, we use it to Basic form describe the present activities or to talk about routines or Subject + Verb + -s (present form) John lives in New York. We play football every day. You are really kind. The meeting starts at 3 PM. Use the Present Simple: with state verbs. to talk about situations in life that last a relatively long time. when an event is certain to happen in the future. to talk about events that we can't change (for example, an official meeting or a train departure). The Present Simple is also used in narration...
New Zealand New Zealand is on of the first countries in the world. It to be located southeast of australia.It consists of two main islands and a number of smaller outlying islands. New Zealand's two main components are the North Island and the South Island.The North Island is only half as big as the South Island, but nearly 75% of the population live on the North Island. About two-thirds of the south Island is covered with mountains. More than 220 mountains are higher than 2000 meters.The largest outlying island is Auckland. The capital of New Zealand is Wellington, it is the southermost national capital city in the world. It is New Zealand's sixth largest city behind the Auckland. The Flag of New zealand is a defaced blue Ensign with the union flag in the canton, and four red stars with white borders to the right. ...
1 Grammatical Terminology PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR FLGR.01.042 Grammatical Terminology analytic analüütiline (= uninflected - grammar is focused in the sentence , e.g. English) synthetic sünteetiline (= inflected - grammar is focused in the word, e.g. Estonian, Latin, Russian, Old English) ending lõpp (käände- ja pöördelõpud) marker tunnus (mitmuse, oleviku, lihtmineviku, tingiva kõneviisi, käskiva kõneviisi, kaudse kõneviisi, umbisikulise tegumoe, ma- tegevusnime, oleviku kesksõna, mineviku kesksõna) derivational affix liide, tuletusliide, tuletusafiks (e.g. postwar, anti-American, wiser, greenish) parts of speech sõnaliigid English Estonian ...
English Grammar - The most common tenses in English Signal Example Tense Use Form words s something happens repeatedly how often something happens every one action day follows sometim another es I work always infinitive Present things in he/she/it he works often Simple general + s I go usually he goes seldom ...
Christmas differentces of 2 countries This reports purpose is to analyse Estonian and English Christmas traditions. It compares the meaning of this tradition, decorations, eating habits, activities and Father Christmas. Firstly, for English people this traditions means to celebrate the birthday of Jesus Christ , but on the other hand for Estonian peole it means to celebrate the mid-winter holidays and religous people go to church. Secondly, for Estonian people decorating their homes is big part of christmas. People in the countryside bring straw into the house, they decorate their homes and bring in fir-trees. The traditional Christmas flowers are hyacinth, Christmas cactus and the poinsettia. Differentce from the English people decoration is that their decarations are from paper, they have electric lights, also have evergreen plants: holly, mistletoe and ivy. They bring a huge fir-tree from Norway on Trafalg...
Word order: positive sentences subjects verb(s) object I speak English. I can speak English. Negative sentences subject verbs Indirect object Direct object place time I will not you the story at Tomorro tell school w. Subordinate Clauses conjunction subject verb(s) Indirec Direct place time t object object I will you the story...
English download B2 workbook lk 10 harjutus 1 vastused (Listening) 1. Frustrated 2. Symbols 3. Unclear 4. Stop using 5. Parents 6. Classes 7. Clues to the meaning of the word 8. Under five years old 9. Makaton-friendly
Stonehenge Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire, about 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) west of Amesbury and 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) north of Salisbury. One of the most famous prehistoric sites in the world, Stonehenge is composed of earthworks surrounding a circular setting of large standing stones. Archaeologists had believed that the iconic stone monument was erected around 2500 BC, as described in the chronology below. However one recent theory has suggested that the first stones were not erected until 2400-2200 BC,[1] whilst another suggests that bluestones may have been erected at the site as early as 3000 BC (see phase 1 below). The surrounding circular earth bank and ditch, which constitute the earliest phase of the monument, have been dated to about 3100 BC. The site and its surroundings were added to the UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in 1986 in a co-lis...
Paiute people Meaning of name Unknown Northern:Numa Southern:nuwuvi language Northern Paiute language Owens Valley Paiute Southern Paiute language English Lived near water Fish Roots Seeds Meat Nuts beliefs Wolf Coyote Ghost dance Wowoka chores Fishing Weawing Hunting Roots and berries hearding children 1840 Euro Americans Pah Ute war 1860 Pony Express Thank you for listening!
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