From: ...name Subject: 'Business Today' event Dear Gloria, Thank for you letter informing me of the upcoming 'Business Today' event. I would like to confirm for you that I will attend. I am more than happy to be a speaker at the event and I would like to thank you for the great opportunity to do so. I do have a few questions regarding the speech that I will be giving. As to the topic I am fine making my own choice, but I would like to ask you if there are any specific topics or subjects that you would prefer that I talk about? I would also like to know how much time I will be alloted to speak? Will it be in a formal or an informal setting for the speech? I look forward to hearing from you regarding these details. I also would like to confirm that I will be able to attend the charity dinner as well. Thank you again for the opportunity and I look forward to seeing you at the conference. Much regards, ...name
English structure revision for the exam 1. Terms Language → A systematic, conventional (tavakohane) use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. Human language at all levels is rule- or principle- governed (valitsema) meaning that language corresponds to the grammar. Natural language is usually spoken, while language can also be encoded into symbols (such as letters, morse etc) For example: Estonian, English. Linguistics → The scientific study of human natural language. Broadly, there are three aspects to the study which are Pragmatics (studies the use of language → interested in the gap between the sentence’s meaning and the speaker’s meaning). Semantics (concerned with the meaning of the language aspects and the way they change, also how objects and language and thinking and language are related). ...
UNIVERSITY OF TARTU DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH Using Blogs as a Platform in the Teaching of English as a Foreign Language Research paper Tartu 2010 ABSTRACT This work analyses the usefulness of blogging in teaching English as a foreign language. The definition of the term `blog' is provided along with the advantages and disadvantages of blogs' usage in practice. The analysis of language skills developed by students throughout the use of blogs for learning purposes is given in the paper with possible limitations that blogs have. Author of this paper also shares personal comments about the experience in the field. In this paper it is also described which research methods are planned to be employed for the conduction of research project. ...
To: Ms Maire Liidlein From: Kerli Neljas Date: 16th December Subject: Recommendation report about Haapsalu Introduction Haapsalu is a small, friendly and romantic town is a real summer paradise and in summer a lot of holidaymakers visit this. They come for the warm seawater, curative mud, peacefulness. A lot of people visit the resort every summer, there are many different ways to spent time there, both for tourists and locals. Old Town of Haapsalu and museums People who are interested in culture and history can visit the Old Town and museums. For example the Estonian Railway Museum, the Episcopal Castle Museum, the Läänemaa Museum and others. I think that the city itself is one of the greatest historical places. Nobody can talk about the history of Haapsalu better than the city itself. And visiting museums is a good for acquiring new knowledge, but those people who do not love history, may get bored. And all museums are located relativ...
Might the Welsh language face a bright future? Welsh belongs to a branch of Celtic, an Indo-European language. The language is being used about half a million people in Wales and possibly another few hundred thousand people within England and even Australia and United States of America. The normal language of every day life is still English but in some regions such as Gwynedd and Dyfed, the use of Welsh is very wide and well spread. The tendency nowadays is towards the development and introduction of Welsh. This could not have been said at the first part of the 20th century. Welsh have been under the reign or a part of Great Britain for a long time. During the 16 th century, particularly at the time of Henry the VIII, they tried to force the Welsh language out by an Act which declared that the language to be used in courts and administrative offices would have to be English. And of course the most natural process ...
Summary • Early history of translation studies – Cicero and St. Jerome (what did they do/how/why are they relevant to translation studies?) St. Jerome – Greek scholar, did some translation work. Lived during the 4th century. Jerome is best known as the translator of the Bible into Latin. A previous version (now called the Old Latin) existed, but Jerome's version far surpassed it in scholarship and in literary quality. Jerome was well versed in classical Latin (as well as Greek and Hebrew), but deliberately translated the Bible into the style of Latin that was actually spoken and written by the majority of persons in his own time. This kind of Latin is known as Vulgate Latin (meaning the Latin of the common people), and accordingly Jerome's translation is called the Vulgate. Cicero – Lived during the 1st century BC. Roman politician, philosopher & translator. Theory ‘‘word-for-word’’ & ‘‘sense-for-sen...
What is levels of formality? Search on the Internet leads to such subjects as "Levels of Formality in Language", "Formality levels of communication" , "Levels of formality in writing". Proceeding from it, it is possible to draw a conclusion, that levels of formality are almost everywhere. For a start it is worth understanding formality levels in Spoken language. Because the spoken language is used much more often. The first level of Spoken language is informal. Its use for routine messages delivered face-to-face with friends. Informal language is relaxed language with slang, contractions and humor. The second level is Semiformal. Its use for important messages to strangers(for example, Phone call). It is language with some contractions and personal pronouns. And the last one is Formal. Its use for serious messages and in other formal contexts. It is correct, serious language using complete sentences without slang. In a written languag...
Why do I need to speak English in the English class? I am going to write why I need to use English in English class. Using English in theEnglish class is important, because it is the best practise for English pronunciation and the more I use English the more I will command the language. I must express strong regret that I have not been using English in English classes very often and because of that I have many cacoepies and I am not very good at speaking English and that is why I should speak English during the English classes much more. Using English frequently gives me better understanding of the language, I will become more fluent in it and my general intelligence improves remarkably. Human beings are unique species because of their ability to learn, but in order to use this ability's full capacity, I must study every day. As to languages, constant improving is even more important becaus...
LEL 2E Notes on Vocabulary One of the key facts about the lexicon of any language is that it reflects in various ways the physical and cultural environment in which the language is spoken. A people unfamiliar with, say, horses is unlikely to have a word for `horse'; similarly with ploughs, printing presses, and internet porn sites. For the most part this is trivial it's hard to imagine how it could be otherwise, given the general nature of human language. People tend to make a great deal of the alleged fact (see Pullum 1989) that "the Eskimos have lots of words for snow", but it doesn't take much thought to realise that any language spoken in a given physical and cultural environment is likely to have efficient ways of referring to distinctions that are important in that environment. That doesn't mean that you can read very much into individual words and individual facts about the lexicon of a given language (this topic has already c...
1) Standard and non-standard varieties of English Standard varieties of English are the varieties of the English language that are considered to be a norm and are spoken and written by the minority (educated people). This is the optimum for educational purposes. The standard varieties of English are: BrEng (British), EngEng (English), NAmEng (North-America), USEng (United States), CanEng (Canada), AusEng (Australia), NZEng (New Zealand). Standard English (British English) is the most widely accepted and understood among native speakers, learned by foreigners. It is used in broadcasting, TV, news etc. It doesn't concern pronounciation (accent), but grammar and vocabulary. It includes formal and informal styles. British Standard English grammar and vocabulary, together with the RP accent should be called English English. RP (Received Pronounciation) is an accent that originates from South-East of England. A social accent, associated o...
English a global language Aleksander 10B This essay explores British and English history and its influence to the world. English is spoken all around the world. We can even say that it is a international language. It begun when Great Britain started founding colonies. Empire growed from the 17'th century up to 1920's. It was said that the sun never sets on British empire. It had expanded all over the world. In the colonies, English started to change, it had spread all around the world, just like the empire. It was leading country in the world for a very long time. It had strong economy and the strongest navy that any one had ever seen, so it was till the world wars. The British Isles, because of their good geographical position have been conqured only twice. And both occasions had a great influence...
English in my life People in Estonia basically use two languages. The main language and also our mother tongue is Estonian. Also Russian is a commonly spoken language because almost one-third of the population in Estonia is formed by Russians. Besides those two languages many Estonians are quite good at English. We are visited by many tourists from Finland, Sweden, Latvia and many other countries. Tourists from the Scandinavian countries and from other places of Europe don't speak in Estonian. So it is quite important for us to speak itEnglish an international language. It also goes the other way around when we go traveling somewhere in Europe or even further - then we mainly use English to communicate with people. Over the last 10 years the use of English has grown a lot in Estonia. We have many new TV channels in English. Also some Estonians work abroad because of the salary or better working ...
Bilingualism The two most important languages on planet Earth these days are English the language of international commerce and of the media and Chinese, which is spoken by one of every six humans. The second tier of importance includes Spanish and Arabic and French for their wide use and Japanese, from Japan's economic influence. The third tier of importance covers Portuguese (for Brasil), German, and Russian. The remaining languages are essentially regional or minor. Success in business in the global economy requires fluency in one or more of the languages in Tier One or Tier Two, no matter where you live.Business operations reception, customer service, sales, websites, advertising that entail use of one or more languages provide access to major additional segments of the global economy. Likewise, the executive or office worker or retail clerk with multi-fluency has...
Introduction: Hi, I'm here to talk about the advantages and disadvantages of using legal English. How many of you have had to use/have had any interaction with legal English? Well, I, myself, apart from learning it in this class, have never, but many others have. Legal English dates back to thousands of years and it is an essential part of law. Lately, in some cases, legalese has been smoothly replaced with plain language and for some it is unacceptable. So, why use legal English when there is already plain language that can be used instead? Body 1: Firstly, we all like to follow traditions, right? So do most lawyers. You know Latin was and is important for English law, the practice of using Latin word versus in case names (for "against") still occurs daily. Why change something that has been used and appreciated for thousands of years? Law is known for it's conservatism and legalese might have maintained so well because many lawyers h...
ELT Methodology (FLGR.01.041) 27.12.2012 Home Assignments. I Youtube clips: · A vision of K-12 students I personally think that Estonian learners are also digital learners. They spend more time at the computers or laptops or iPads etc. than read books or move outside. And another thing is that teachers are less capable in using technological appliances. But the latter mentioned fact is an advantage for us teachers as well. It gives us an opportunity to provide our students to experience success. They can help and assist us if we need some technological help. Another thing is that in schools, in classes generally students are not allowed to use their appliances, so it means they have to communicate verbally as well. I think that teachers ...
Tallinna Mustamäe Humanitargümnaasium Valeria Jefremenkova ENGLISH AS A GLOBAL LANGUAGE INGLISE KEEL KUI ÜLEMAAILMNE KEEL Research work Supervisor: Jevgenija Kozlova Tallinn 2016 1 Table of Contents СONTENT…………………………………………………………………………………...2 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………...3 CHAPTER I……………………………………………………………………………….....5 1.1. A Brief History of the English Language…………………………………………...…..5 1.2. Origins of English as the Global Language……………………………………..……....6 1.3. Necessity of a Global Language...……………………………………………………....8 1.4. Criticism of a Global Language………………………………………………………....9 1.5. The Role of English Today……………………………………………………………..10 1.6. English Speaking Countries…………………………………………………………….11 1.7. Perspectives of English………………………………………………………………....13 CHAPTER I...
English began as a west Germanic language which was brought to England bt the Saxons around 400 AD. The spoken and written laguage berween 400 and 1100 AD is referred to as Old English. Many words used today come from Old English. In the 9th and 10th centuries, when Vikings invaded England, Old Norse words entered the language English from about 1300 to 1500 is known as Middle English. It was influenced by French and Latin. French brouht many words connected with goverment. Modern English eas greatly influenced by the English used in London and changed a great deal until the end of the 18th century. Many words were introduced from Greek and Latin to express new ideas, especially in science, medicine and philosophy. Nowadays 80 percent of the word-stock is foreign-born. So we can say that most world languages have contributed some words to English at some time, and the process is now being reversed. Purists of the languages are res...
ENGLISH IN MY LIFE The British, defeated Bonaparte at the battle of Waterloo and peace settled across Europe after many years of war, the defeat of France saw the rise of Britain upon the world stage and the beginnings of the wholesale export of the English language across the globe, in the last century Britain an America again defeated tyranny in Europe the English language has evolved through popular culture , movies, music , sport , business and especially with the shrinking of the world through use of the internet to become what it is now a truly international language. Here in Estonia with our history of domination by foreign powers the last being the former soviet union an having our own language suppressed an languages imposed on us , it is a relief to see the importance of the English language an people have embraced it as a second language of Estonian people, it is the language that ev...
As both asian and European markets use the internet more and more to conduct business, there will be an increasing need for language choice for the different markets.English is so often used on the internet that it might make you think everyone in the world speaks English, or at least give you the impression that it is the worlds most widekyspoken language.If this were true, it would, off course, bring benefits for worldwide communication and understandig, thought it could also possibly become a threat to cultural diversity.English certainly seems to be everywhere, from films to pop music and TV, and from 15 business to science and other fields. Information varies, but suggests that about 75% of the pages on the web are in english.Yet English is the mother tongue for only 5,4% of the worlds population, while a further 7% of the worlds population are proficient speakers of English. This means that only around 12% of the worlds population...
Written task 2 - Outline Prescribed question: How does the text conform to, or deviate from, the conventions of a particular genre and for what purpose? Title of the text for analysis: I have a dream by Martin Luther King Jr, 1963. The part of the course to which the task refers: Part 2: Language and presentation of speeches and campaigns. My critical response will: • Analyse the rhetorical and literary devices used in Martin Luther King’s speech ‘’I have a dream’’ and state the reasons for why he had made use of them. • Examine the impact these devices have on the reader/listener. • State whether the speech conforms to, or deviates from, the conventions of a one. Martin Luther King’s speech ‘’I have a dream’’ has by far been one of the most powerful and memorable speeches ever given. He was the leader of the Civil Rights Movement and fought for the rights and social equality for people of all races using non-violent...
Why learn English? Nowadays English plays a major international role. Personally I believe, that in order to survive in present society we have to, at least, know the basic English, because almost everything is based on English. Firstly English is the international language and knowing English shows the eruditeness of people, because every person who considers him or herself to be educated has learnt it. English has switched places with Latin, which once was the language of educated people. Not to mention the fact that people can use it for communication with eachother. In my opinion it is not necessary to learn that country's mother tongue while most of the people are able to talk in English. I find that English connects different people and helps us to feel like a big multicultural family. In addition to that it is a whole lot easier to find a job abroad, if you are fluent in English, because they ...
Me and languages. To begin with, language is a congrecation of thoughts and feelings through a system of signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols. Communication or language is a process every child learns from birth and during our life we will usually learn many different languages. Due to the fact that both of my parents are Estonians , my mother tongue is Estonian, therefore I can speak and write in it very fluently. I also prefer read the books in Estonian. I know that some people like to do it in some other languages, in English for instance. I am really amused by the Estonian literature. I like to read books and stories from Andrus Kivirähk and F.R. Kreutzwald. English is one of the world most spoken language. You can hear it everywhere, no matter which part of the world are you in. In the third grade of elementary scool I started to learn English a...
When a world loses a language, it loses a unique treasure There are more than 7000 languages in the world and it is said that more than 50 % of the languages will be extinct by the end of the century. A language dies in every 2 weeks. So what will be lost when a language dies? Much of human knowledge hasn't been written down and it lives in people's memories. In fact, there are even laguages that haven't been written down. In the olden days people use to tell stories. They didn't write them down, just told or sang them to others, who passed them on the same way and so they spread from generation to generation. Now if a language dies, the folklore dies with it. So we will also lose our ancestors knowledge, in what they believed in, what they valued. We will lose the myths and legends, how the world or a certain place was made. In fairytales people learn about virtues, how to make a difference between right and...
INTERVIEW: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TEACHING IN CHINA AND IN ESTONIA According to a Chinese language lecturer of a University in Estonia, teaching in China and teaching in Estonia does have some differences. The lecturer received a BA from Shanghai Teachers' Collage and MA in Education from Boston University. She has taught overseas students for 3 years in Guangxi University in China before coming to Estonia in 2013. Since then she has taught in various universities in Tallinn. In her opinion the main differences that affect the teaching of Chinese in China and Estonia are the purpose of teaching, the authority that the teacher has, and the language environment of the country. In Estonia one of the main purposes of teaching Chinese is to increase the knowledge of China and Chinese culture in addition to the teaching the language. In China on the other hand the purpose is often to increase the ability of students to survive in ...
THE ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD English literature came when the Angles, the Saxons, the Jutes and the Frisians invaded Britain. During this time English was called Anglo- Saxon or Old English. In the chronicles of Roman history (composed in Latin) is said that Britain makes its first appearance in written language when Romans invade the England. BEOWULF most important poem, surviving in a 10th-cent manuscript. The historical period of the poem's events can be dated in the 6th to 8th century. Much of the material of the poem is legendary and paralleled in other Germanic historical-mythological literature in Norse, Old English, and German. GEOFFREY CHAUCER (1340-1400) Politician and writer, fought in France during the 100 years war. He visited Genoa and Florence where he became acquainted with Italian literature and in particular with the works of Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio. The French period (up to 1370). early works were ba...
ENGLISH IDIOMS Nõmmik Vilian Apprentice 10 "A" class Ahtme Gymnasium Kohtla-Järve Relevance of the topic Ø The English language becomes the means of international communication, the language of trade, education, politics, and economics. People have to communicate with each other. It is very important for them to understand foreigners and be understood by them. Goal of my research work Ø Goal of my research work is to prove that idioms in the English language are integral part of it, which make our speech more colorful and authentically native. Tasks I like to achieve the following tasks: 1. To classify idioms; 2. To study the problem of the translation of idioms; 3. To understand the aim of the modern usage of idioms; 4. To distinguish different kinds of idioms; 5. To...
1. STYLE The term "style" is polysemantic (has many meanings): a Latin word "stilus" originally meant a writing instrument used by ancient people. Already in classical Latin the meaning was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. Jonathan Swift defined style as "proper words in proper places". In present day English the word "style" is used in about a dozen of principle meanings: 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his/her ideas (e.g. style of Byron) 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period 3. the use of language typical of a literary genre (e.g. the style of a comedy, drama, novel). 4. the selective use of language that depends on spheres / areas of human activity (e.g. style of fiction, scientific prose, newspapers, business correspondence, etc.). STYLISTICS Stylistics is the study of s...
Letter of application Salutation Dear Sir or Madam Dear Sir/Madam Dear Mr/Mrs/Ms Paragraph 1 Reason for writing, name of the available position (+add the source, if available) I am writing to apply for the post advertised in... I am writing in response to your advertisement in... Paragraph 2, 3 What are you doing now, previous experience Qualifications (also personality traits, if necessary) NB! Relevant information I have graduated from... (with honors) My degree is in... I attended a.... course Final paragraph + closing sentence Closing remarks: thank the person for considering your application, ask the person to consider you for the job, mention the possibility of further communication. I have enclosed my CV... I am enclosing my curriculum vitae together with two references, I would be happy to provide any further information, if you wish me to attend an interview, I am available ...
The Arabian Language Grete Pehk 10.A General · One of the most widely spoken language in the world. · One of the oldest existing language in the world. · The national language in most of the North African countries. About Arabic · There are about fourteen different dialects and language derivatives (tuletised). · It came in use in 7th century. · Arabic is written from right to left. · There aren't any capital letters. · There are 28 letters in the alphabet. Basics · I: ana · You (sl): inta/inti (m/f) · He: huwa · She: hiya · We: nahnu · You (pl): untum/inti (m/f) · They: uhum The Holy Quran Used literature · http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/lang · http://www.al-bab.com/arab/language/lang.htm · http://www.omniglot...
My mother tongue in 21th century Thousands of Years ago Estonian did not exist. Even nowadays not very many people speak Estonian, nearly 1,5 Million. Compared to English speakers, it's nothing. The Estonian language has changed very much as the years have gone by. The expressions that were used years ago are replaced with English phrases, which are especially popular among young people. That's because almost all films, song lyrics and popular TV shows are in English. They also use slang too much. It's quite possible, that soon the Estonian language dies out and replaces with English. The second reason, why Estonian is in big danger, is because the little importance of the language. Almost everyone can speak at least one foreign language and nowadays the travelling possibilities are also very good. So if the Estonian language has no importance, it's possible, that if several nations will mix and there will be no...
Performing the presentation Introducing yourself and your talk Greeting, name, position, opening formalities Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Good afternoon, everyone. Good morning. My name's (...). I'm the new Finance Manager. Good morning. Let me start by saying just a few words about my own background. I started out in... Welcome to Standard Electronics. I know I've met some of you, but just for the benefit of those I haven't, my name's (...). It's very nice to see you all here today. I'm very pleased to be here. I'm glad you could all make it. Thanks for inviting me. Thank you (all) for coming. Title/Subject I'd like to talk (to you) today about ... I'm going to present the recent ... explain our position on ... introduce ... brief you on ... inform you about ... ...
Technical translation Technical translation Forms a part of specialised translation The other part is comprised by institutional translation (politics, commerce, finance, government, etc.) Can be considered somewhat culture-free (not really true?) Universal: not confines to one speech community Characteristic features: Terminology (5-10%), only that much, but it makes the text hard to translate Format: technical report, but also instructions, manuals, notices, publicity Grammatical features in English: passives, third persons, empty verbs, present tenses. Technical Style Free from emotive language, connotations, sound-effects, original metaphor Part of technical translator’s job often is to rephrase poorly written language and convert metaphor to sense. Varieties of Technical Style Academic or scientific styl...
Country Studies The United Kingdom Test revision questions Form 11 1. What are the capitals of the 4 constituent countries? England London; Wales Cardiff; N-Ireland Belfast; Scotland - Edinburgh 2. Order the invaders in correct chronological order: Anglo-Saxons, Normans, Romans, Celts, Vikings. Celts > Romans > Anglo-Saxons > Vikings > Normans 3. How did the Celts influence Britain? The Celts were in Britain long before the English language existed. Celtic influence on English is minimal. There are more Amerindian words in English than Celtic ones. 4. How many people approximately speak English? 300million as mother tongue, 470million as 2nd language. 5. Who (which tribes) gave the base of the English language? Anglo-Saxons 6. Describe Wales. Part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain, population: 3,064,000, Wales has a distinctive culture including its...
Essay 200 (+/- 10%) words The text consists of 4-5 paragraphs discussing a specified topic. Usually the task contains points you have to discuss. Make sure they are all covered! Keep in mind! Formal language – no slang, so contracted forms, colloquialisms, try to avoid repetition of words. Indented lines! Clear paragraphs with one central idea. Avoid strong feelings 8everybody hates... it is absurd to believe...) and strong personal expressions Use generalization (children assume…), but do not use overgeneralizations (all children assume…) At least 2 linking words per paragraph (separate them from the rest of the sentence by commas!) that show the connection between paragraphs. Make references to other sources (Police officials believe that…) Give examples, not personal thoughts (expressive intake of alcohol can damage liver) if you use statistics, be sure of the source! Avoid clichéd introductions, make it more original (hook) Consiste...
Introduction English is spoken on all five continents. With regard to the numbers of speakers it is only exceeded by Chinese and Spanish. But in terms of geographical spread it stands at the top of the league. The varieties of English in the modern world are divided into four geographical groups as follows. British Isles America United States (with African American England English) Wales Canada Ireland The Caribbean Africa Asia, Pacific West Africa South- and South-East Asia East Africa Australia and New Zealand South Africa ...
British Literature Ilya Zaitsev 10 class John Tolkien Was born in 3 January 1892 Bloemfontein. English writer, philologist, and Oxford university professor, best known as the author of the classic high- fantasy works The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings. Tolkien was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II on 28 March 1972. His works The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings form a connected body of tales, fictional histories, invented languages about a fantasy world called Arda, and Middle-earth. While many other authors had published works of fantasy before Tolkien,[ the great success of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings led directly to a popular resurgence of the genre. This has caused Tolkien to be popularly identified as the "father" of modern high fantasy literature. Biography. Childhood John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was born in Bloemfontein in South ...
FGI 1811 Proseminar (Irina Ladusseva) 2.0 AP Kab. 420 03.09.2002. Writing a term paper (this spring) and graduation paper. To get a pass: one written task (part of introduction, thesis statement) Term paper should be printed (20-25 pages long). Graduation paper should be printed (50-60 pages long). First write term paper, and choose a topic right now (theme of term paper later will be developed into graduation paper). Rights: we have a right to have a supervisor. Supervisor writes on the front page "Lubatud kaitsmisele". You need time to: 1. read the theory 2. collect material 3. regularity (1-2 hours a day deal with your paper) The first draft of term paper should be ready by March. Supervisors are: 1. Suliko Liiv (country study, grammar, contrastive studies, methodology) 2. Liliana Skopinskaja (methodology) 3. Jaanika Marley (foneetika, methods) 4. Ene Alas (translation, meth...
Teaching By Principles Language Teaching requires connecting THEORY and PRACTICE. 12 Principles of Language Teaching Teaching By Principles Cognitive Principles Language Teaching requires 1. Automaticity connecting THEORY and Students absorb language PRACTICE. automatically. Students move toward fluency and “think” about language less as they There are three types of principles: progress. Cognitive – mental and intellectual Application – Don’t overwhelm Socioaffective – emotional students with language ...
Scotlan History The history of Scotland begins around 10,000 years ago, when humans first began to inhabit Scotland after the end of the Devensian glaciation, the last ice age. Of the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age civilization that existed in the country, many artifacts remain, but few written records were left behind.People lived in Scotland for at least 8,500 years before recorded history dealt with Britain. The written history of Scotland largely begins with the arrival of the Roman Empire in Britain, when the Romans occupied what is now England and Wales, administering it as a Roman province called Britannia. To the north was territory not governed by the Romans -- Caledonia, by name. Its people were the Picts. From a classical historical viewpoint Scotland seemed a peripheral country, slow to gain advances filtering out from the Mediterranean fount of civilisation, but as knowledge of the past incr...
Society and culture of english-sspeaking countries Introduction 1. The countries of the world where the English language is spoken. 2. Approximate number of mother tongue speakers of English approximately 350-400 million native speakers. Which place does English occupy in the world by its number of speakers?After which language? English occupies second place by its number of speakers after Mandarin Chinese. 3. What is the difference between English as a Second Language, English as a Foreign Language and English for Specific Purposes? Give examples of situations where they are used. English as a Second Language (ESL or TESL) is a traditional term for the use or study of the English language by non-native speakers in an English-speaking environment. That environment may be a country in which English is the mother tongue (e.g., Australia, the U.S.) or one in which English has an established role (e.g., India, Nigeria) English as a...
FGI 1081 Stilistika (Irina Ladusseva) Kab. 420 2 AP Ends with an exam; lasts only for 1 semester. At the exam you get 2 questions and an exercise (50 sentences: establish the device used, recognize it, and name it). Care about the pronunciation of the terms. Books: - I. Galperin "Stylistics" - I. Ladusseva "Rhythm and Text" - I. Ladusseva "Vocabulary and Style" - I. Ladusseva "Stylistic practice: Book I, Book II" - I. Ladusseva "A Guide to Punctuation" EXAMINATION TOPICS: 1. Style, stylistics, a survey of stylistic studies ...
Tallinna Polütehnikum Automation Author: TomTom2 Group :AA-09 Instructor: Marina Zotikova Tallinn 2010 Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................3-4 Person Knowledge Technologies supports......................................................................4-6 Online Essay Evaluation Service.....................................................................................6-7 WordNet lexical database................................................................................................7-8 Practice Online (TPO)................................................................................................
Unprepared monologue 1.INTRODUCTION: · Presentation of the topic (Think about the topic, what have other people said about it?) · Presentation of the theme (What is the message you want to convey?) · Preview of the body (In my presentation today I`m going to explain...;The topic of this presentation...) · Transition (Use linking devices,think of coheison..) 2.THE BODY: · Point one (Firstly, I`d like to..; My first point is...; To start with, I`d...; The first option is...;) · Point two (Secondly we can...; Another aspect is...; My next point is...; On the other hand...;) · Point three (Thirdly..; Let me move on to...; The third point is about...;) · Transition (Move to conclusion. Dont forget linking devices and coheison) 3.CONCLUSION: · Review and summary (Give an account of points...
Pidgins, creoles and standard language Pidgin language A simplified language Mainly employed in trade NOT the native language of any community may be built from words, sounds, or body language from multiple other languages and cultures No particular rules Chinese Pidgin English a pidgin lexically based on English and influenced by Chinese developed in 17th century in China Began to decline during the 19th century, when standard English began to be taught in schools Chinese Pidgin English Some characteristics: Based on a vocabulary of 700 English words Grammar and syntax are simple and positional (grammatical categories are indicated by the position of words in a sentence) Lack of plural personal pronouns Chinese Pidgin English Example sentences: Hab gat rening kum daun (Have got raining come down) “There is rain coming down” Tumoro mai no kan kum (Tomorrow my ...
Writing letters Formal letters institutions, strangers Semi-formal letters - acquaintances Informal letters friends, family Layout Always in paragraphs A paragraph starts with a space, which is as wide as your finger No empty rows Block style in the content of the letter Greeting and farewell on the left side The greeting and farewell have the same style Dear..................... ........................................................................ ............................................................................. ......................................................... ........................................................................ ............................................................................. ............................................................................. .........................................................................
Everyone should be made to learn English Everybody knows their own language, but it is useful to know foreign languages. In present society we have to, at least, know basic English, because nowadays it plays a major international role and everything is based on English. Nowadays you can go almost everywhere and you can (make through everything when you know some English. For example; It is a whole lot easier to find a job, read English literature in the original. If you know the language of the country, where you're travelling to, it will be easier to go there. Knowledge of foreign languages helps us to develop friendship and understanding among the other people and it is easy to find and visit such camps and speak with people who do not know Estonian. Also you can read something and also understand films without any help. I find that English connects different people and helps us to feel like a bi...
Will Chinese become more important than English in the near future? As David Graddol, a visiting professor in Hong Kong, says in "Will Chinese take over from English as the world's most important language?", he must often answer the questions concerning Chinese importance over English. Graddol states that China's economy is growing and it is already second in the world. In fact, it has become the largest exporter and first in energy consumption. In addition, China will presumably be the largest manufacturer soon. However, he questions whether Chinese language grows at the same pace as its economy. Graddol's teaching in Hong Kong starts with a lecture called "World Englishes". He notes that he wrote his book "The Future of English" in 1997, same year when China got Hong Kong back from Britain. Graddol reminds the students, how many things wasn't happened then: euro was not put in use, even Windows 98 was not ready. He h...
Body language Body language means communication with the movement or position of the human body. It can be conscious or unconscious. It is something that is noticed by everybody but is not always given enough attention. We sometimes ignore it and try to hide behind words, but we should never forget that we cannot fool everyone! Children react to body language because they experience the world through intuition. The same can be true for adults when feelings are involved. People who are in bad shape emotionally will often place great importance in it. In fact, they often pick up the smallest hint of a lapse in attention in the person they are speaking to. And they frequently jump to the conclusion that they are boring or a nuisance - thus compounding any sense of depression or poor self-esteem. A way to learn the secrets of body language is to watch television with the sound turned off and...
ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY 1. My new cellular phone allows me to send text messages anywhere within the country and abroad. (communications) 2. Don't forget to turn on the modem if you want to go-online. (information technology) 3. The advent of endoscopic surgery has greatly reduced the post-operative recovery time of most patiens. (medical) 4. Supermarkets of the future will make use of scanners to read the contents of your trolley and total up your bill. (electronics) 5. Factories which rely on humans working on assembly lines are becoming a thing of the past. (industrial) 6. You would be quite astounded by the number of satellites orbiting the Earth. (space) 7. Not only would a solar powered vehicle be safe, it would also make use of one of the planet's greatest natural resources. (energy) COMPUTERS 1. I'm terribly sorry I'm late but traffic congestion...
Sandra Salu Põlva ÜG 12.B class Studying abroad These days studying abroad become more and more popular. In my opinion, people who are going study abroad have many advantages. However, it definitely has a negative sides. On the one hand, studying abroad is new experience and motivating, but on the other hand it can be distracting. Firstly, studying abroad give to people more experience and philosophy of life. Compared to the situation one hundred years ago, studying abroad is broadly spread all over the world. Moreover, travel is easier and convenient. In addition, studying abroad has become more and more popular. In my opinion it ...
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