Manual For Biofuels Koostas: Margus Mäe Introduction This book told me a lot of practical uses of solid biofuels and peat compustion technologies in estonia and baltic sea countries. The hole technological chain from production to flue gas cleaning is brought to reader ´s. Also the energy policy and reguierment for users is shown. Properties of boifuels and peat In the boiler plants of Baltic Sea countries a wide range of various woodbased fuels are burned. To some extent also straw and other biomass based fuels are used. All these fuels are considered as renewables and according to the international agreement the CO2 emitted by the combustion of these fuels is not listed as a greenhouse gas. Wood, in particular the shell of wood cells, consists mainly from cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose. Due to the high carbon and hydrogen content, the lignin has higher calorific value than cellu...
“Green Illusions” The Dirty Secrets of Clean Energy and the Future of Environmentalism Ozzie Zehner Author Ozzie Zehner Visiting scholar at University of California, Berkeley Kettering University ( BS – Engineering ) The University of Amsterdam ( MS/Drs – Science and Technology Studies ) http://boa.czp-vecer.si/vecer2000/20131211/5023698_ Primarily researches social, cultural, political and economic .jpg conditions influencing energy policy priorities and project outcomes Introduction This book talks about the negative side effects of the alternative energy like wind turbines, solar cells and bio fuels. We don't have an energy crisis. We have a consumption crisis. And this book, offers refreshingly straight talk about what's wrong with the way we think and talk about the problem. Though we generally bel...
FOREST BIOENERGY Outline Introduction: wood as a fuel Main body: diferent wood made energy products Conclusin: summarising the usage References Introduction • Fossil fuels: dominant source of energy. • Biomass accounts about 10% energy supply • Wood- based fuels from fast- growing species. • Forest biomass: reneweable energy • Forest biomass, mainly used in the Nordic countries. Wood based fuels sources •Energy forest •Forest biomass •Recycled wood Wood Biomass • Biologicalmaterial derived from living, or recently living organisms. • Can be used after converting it to various forms of biofuel. • Woodchips • Pellets Bioenergy • Energy produced from biomass. • Electricity, heat, and transportation fuels. • Eesti Energia and bioenergy. Benefits of Biomass • Environmental Benefits • Economic Benefits • Energy Benefits Biofuels • Solid fuels Pellets, briquettes • Liquid fuels Ethanol Bio-d...
Wind power is very old power source, sailing ships have been using wind power for at least 5,500 years. The first practical windmills were built in Afghanistan, from the 7th century to grind corn and draw up water. The first windmill for electricity production was built in Scotland in 1887 to power the lighting in the cottage, thus making it the first house in the world to have its electricity supplied by wind power. During the Second World War, small wind generators were to recharge submarine batteries. In the 1990s, wind power became more important, because fossil fuels pollute the atmosphere and humanity needed alternative fuels. That's because wind power is so necessary. Wind power is also renewable energy and it doesn't cause greenhouse gases. Building windmills is actually quite expensive and they need repairing or replacing about every 12-15 years. And strong winds can also break the wind turbines. Considering these thin...
Name at least 3 renewable energy sources. What consequence might there be if we use non-renewable energy too much? Which energy technology is the world's fastest growing? With what name is renewable energy also known as? Light Heat Electricity Generated from natural resources. Doesn't harm the environment. Can't be replenished Most of our energy. May cause global warming. Wind energy is the fastest growing. Most renewable energy comes from the sun. Hydroelectric energy is the oldest and largest source. Renewable energy a.k.a "green" energy. Thank you for listening! We use energy every day. It surrounds us in different forms, such as light, heat, and electricity. Our bodies use the energy stored in molecules of substances like carbohydrates and protein to move, breathe, grow, and think. We also use energy to do work and to play. Humans have invented thousa...
KÜTUSEPIIRITUS autor Märt Kirik, B.S.A. ; B.A.Sc. Kütusepiiritus on tavaliselt etanool või metanool. See on põletusvedelik. Etanool on kasutatud jookides ja tööstuses. Metanool on rahvakeeles puu piiritus. Metanool mootorikütusena tekitab heitgaasid mis on kahjulikud inimese tervisele. Sellepärast mootorikütusena metanool vajab operaator kellel on sobiv õpetus. Etanool segatud bensiiniga on 2018 aastal enam levinud kütusepiiritus. Selle segu valmistamisel on tarvis etanool mis on veevaba (vähem kui 1%). (5) Teised kütusepiiritused on olemas kuid siin teema on ainult etanool. KÜTUSEPIIRITUS MOOTORITES Kütusepiiritus sai alguse leeklampides. Sellepärast oli see kergesti kättesaadav kui 1826 Samuel Morey ehitas sisepõletusmootori ja 1860 Nicholas August Otto tegi samuti. (1) Henry Ford seletas juba 1925, et igast taimsest materjalist mida meie oskame käärima panna saab valmistada auto mootorile sobivat kütusepiiritus...
Acid rains This morning you contributed to atmosphere desolation H ow it is formed? Acid rain is formed by burning fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, and oil. Gases of acid rain Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are the gases that form the acid rain. Our health and acid rain Acid rain effects even our health. Breathing and lung problems in people (especially those with asthma) and have been linked to acid air pollution. Some things that you can do to make acid rain less of a problem are: Only run the dishwasher and washing machine with a full load. Turn off the lights in empty rooms or when you will be away from home. Turn off the hot water tank when you will be gone for a long period of time. Don't use your air conditioner or heater as much. Install fluorescent light bulbs instead of incandescent light bulbs. Try to reduce, reuse, and recycle as often as ...
Hello My name is JOHN SMITH and I am here to talk about Hydroelectricity. Global energy use has risen by 70% since 1971 and continues to increase at the rate of 2% per year. There are many scenarios for future demand. One solution would be to use more hydropower. In 2005, renewable energy represented one-fifth of total power generation. Hydropower is the most advanced of the renewable and represents 87% of this production. 160 countries all over the world are using hydropower. Five countries make up more than half of the world's hydropower production. Those countries are: Brazil,Canada, China, Russia and the USA. (Production) *Most of the energy comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator. In this case the energy extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow. *Pumped storage hydroelectricity produces electricity to supp...
ELEKTROENERGEETIKA INSTITUUT Referaat Taastvad Energiaallikad Esitamise tähtaeg 14.04.2009 Õppejõud: Hannes Agabus Tudeng: Sergei Belosapko Nikita Naumov Tallinn 2009 Contents: 1. Renewable energy 1.1. Costs................................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Potential future utilization..............................................................................4 1.3. Why Don't We Use More Renewable Energy? ...........................................5 2. Energy Types 2.1. Wind Energy.......................................................................................................6 2.1.1. Annual Generation........................................................................................7 2.1.2. ...
SISUKORD ENERGY STORY................................................................................................................4 USES OF ENERGY............................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Uses of energy in homes...............................................................................................5 2.2 Types of energy used in homes.................................................................................... 6 2.3 Energy use in different types of homes........................................................................ 6 2.4 Commercial Energy Use...............................................................................................9 2.5 Industrial and Manufacturing Energy Use..................................................................11 2.6 Transportation Energy Use.................................................
Continental- kontinentaalne Roaming- ränne Due to-tõttu,-tänu,-põhjusel Defend-kaitse Invasion-invasioon Shipwrecks-laevavrakid Stretch-veniv,-venitus Shipping lanes-laevateed Stop over-peatuma Feature-tunnusjoon Extends-laiendab Peaks- Wild-metsik Slopes-nõlvadel Spruces-kuused Reach-jõudma Established-asutatud Hampered-takistab Settlers-asunike Runs-jookseb Emit-kiirgama Run out-välja jooksma Contribute to-kaasa Entire-kogu Damaging-lõhkuma Drawbacks-puudusi Take advantage of-ära kasutama Coastline-rannajoon Arrays-massiivi Rotor blades-rootori labad Take up-võtma Unoccupied sites-sisustama saidid Objections-vastuväited Significant-märkimisväärne Demands-nõudmisi Overpopulation-ülerahvastus Lack of resources-vahendite puudumine Global warming-globaalne soojenemine Deforestation-raie Endangered species-ohustatud liigid Ozone layer-osoonikiht Oil spills-õlireostus Fossil fuels-fossiilsed kütused Grateful-tänulik Guilty-süüdi Hopeless-lo...
Acid Rain Acid rain is any precipitation that is unusually acidic. It possesses elevated levels of hydrogen ions(it has low pH level). Acid rain is caused by emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which react with water molecules. Distilled water(doesn't contain CO 2), has pH level 7. Liquids with pH level less than 7 are acidic, liquids with pH level greater than 7 are alkaline. Unpolluted rain has a pH level over 5.7, so it is slightly acidic. Affected areas Places significantly impacted by acid rain around the globe include most of eastern Europe from Poland northward into Scandinavia, the eastern third of the United States and southeastern Canada. Other affected areas include the southeastern coast of China and Taiwan Causes · It is caused when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the air. In the atmosphere they re...
Vesinikauto Referaat Tallinn 2010 Sissejuhatus Mina valisin teemaks vesinikauto, kuna see on maailma paremaks muutmise jaoks väga oluline uuendus. Ma olen väga huvitatud vesinikautost ja tahaks rohkem teada selle kohta ning sellepärast valisingi sellise teema. Vesinikauto on minu jaoks väga huvitav ning ma tahaks väga teada kuidas see töötab täpsemalt ja kuidas on see maailmale kasulikum kui tavaline bensiini või diisli auto. Samuti tahaks teada, kas on ka vesinikautol miinuseid, ehk kas on see ka kuidagi kahjulik. Auto tööpõhimõte Vesinikauto töötab üldiselt sisepõlemismootoriga, kus kasutatakse hapnikku vesiniku põletamiseks. Selle põlemise saaduseks on ainult vesi (veeauruna, samuti on saadusteks lämmastik, mis sisenes mootorisse õhust ja kuna lämmastik ei põle väljub seda samal hulgal [6] ) , seega on see väga keskkonnasõbralik ja ei saasta loodust üldsegi nii nagu seda...
The Industrial Revolution. Agarian-põllumajandus. . The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes that occurred in the period from 1760 to some time between 1820-1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines The transition also included the change from wood and other bio- fuels to coal. The Industrial revolution began in Britain and within a few decades spread to Western Europe and the United States. changed-steam power, which was used to power factories and transport and allowed for deeper mining.2) Improvement of iron making techniques allowing for vastly higher production levels. . The textile industry was transformed by new machines such as the Spinning Jenny - and factories, again allowing for much higher production at a lower cost. Creation of new and quicker transport networks thanks to first canals and then railways
Nuclear power produces around 11% of the world's energy needs, and produces huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel, without the pollution that you would get from burning fossil fuels. Nuclear power costs about the same as coal, so it's not expensive to make. Although not much waste is produced, it is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many thousands of years. For all that time it must be kept safe from earthquakes, flooding, terrorists and everything else. This is difficult. Nuclear power is reliable, but a lot of money has to be spent on safety - if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident can be a major disaster. One of the most feared disadvantages of nuclear energy is the potential for weapons. Each year, every nuclear reactor is capable of making enough plutonium to build over thirty nuclear bombs. Nuclear plants must be secured well enough to prevent this material from falling into the wrong hands. ...
road signs All speed limit signs in the Republic changed to the metric system in 2005. Some direction signs still show distance in miles so tourists often mix them up. There are usually about 10 signs or more on one post , and its really hard to see them when driving, so tourists disturb traffic quite often when slowing down to read the signs All the signs are multilingual ,due to high percentage of English speakers Forests Ireland has only about 8 % of his whole land covered with forests. Centuries ago people cut the forests and didn't think about the future so nowadays there is mostly peat ( turvas) which Ireland uses to produce energy. Economy Ireland had a big economic boom in the late 20'th century, but now the Republic of Ireland is ranked the second wealthiest per capita country in the European Union. Education in Ireland is free at all levels, including college. The construction sector, which is inherently cyclical in nature, ...
Cook Islands Kendra Location Capital: Avarua South Pacific Ocean 15 islands, 9 main islands Rarotonga Area: 240 square km Time zone: 12h behind Associated: New Zealand Geography Capital: Avarua Divided into two Coastline: 120km Natural resources: coconuts Climate: Tropical Mountainous, volcanoes, palms, soils, caves, People European, Chineese, African settlers Polynesian roots 2 polynesian languages: Pukapuka and other islands Official language Cook Islands Maori, English Population: 14,974 Villages, farms Politics Left: Henry Puna, right: John Key Self-governing state In international treaties Head of state: British monarch Parliamentary elections: 4 years Independence: 4th August 1965 Political parties: Cook islands party, the Democratic Economy Few natural resources: cobalt, phosphate Inadequate infrastructure Main industries: Tourism, fishing, banking, mining Export: citrus & tropical fruits, handicraft...
Environmental problems Many environment problems are caused by human actions. 1. Air pollution. Use public transportation instead of your own when going to work. Air pollution is also drastically reduced by conserving energy. It is the little things, like switching off fans and lights when you are not at home. Electricity causes the burning of large amounts of fossil fuels, which in turn pollute the air. Solar power is a fantastic solution. Now that solar radiation is at a climactic peak, we can reap power from the sun using solar panel systems. These range from home systems to larger scale systems powering entire communities and cities. 2. Deforestation. While individuals can rarely have a personal impact on the deforestation rate, there are other things you can do. Discourage deforestation and thus environmental degradation by reusing plastic a...
Tallinn 2013 Ott Speek Subject: English Geodesy Study group: GI-21b PETROLEUM PRESENTATION Petroleum (L. petroleum, from Greek: Πέτρα (rock) + Latin: oleum (oil) is a naturally occurring flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. The name Petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oils and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. A fossil fuel, it is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, usually zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and undergo intense heat and pressure. Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling. This comes after the studies of structural geology (at the reservoir scale), sedimentary basin analysis, reservoir characterization (mainly in terms of porosity and perme...
Student: Choose boilers for the district heating network (load duration curve d Calculate annual payments of loan and interests Calculate heat price for loan period, after loan period and for lifetim (Take into account capital cost and fuel Fuels wood chips and/or light fuel oil Boiler lifetime 15 years Loan period 6 years Discount rate 10% 4.5 4 Heating 3.5 Hot tap w 3 MW Total 2.5 ...
The ecological footstep of mankind is getting bigger and bigger by the day. Although everybody seems to acknowledge the problem and also care about the wellbeing and preservation of our planet the situation is only getting worse. Firstly, the ever growing need for energy is taking its toll on the environment. Due to the fast growth of the economical and industrial sector in recent years the need for energy has grown dramatically. Global warming which is responsible for the melting of the ice cap which leads to the rise of sea level is mainly caused by the high use of fossil fuels. Secondly, over-consumption caused by population growth on Earth leads to pollution which is becoming highly dangerous to the environment. The decomposition of materials used nowadays is often hundreds of years long. Unfortunately the number of reusable products is getting smaller by the day. Often the reusable product is also less affordable to the consumer wh...
We live in a constantly changing world There seems to be no stability or certanity about anything. Nations rise and fall, governments come to power and tumble, armies march and retreat, healthy people become sick and on and on the world goes. On the one hand the world we are living in is amazing, because science, medicine, technology, and so on are advancing at an ever-increasing pace. It has made our lives much easier than it was 100 years ago. For example we have phones, television, fast cars, eco towns, highrise buildings and so on. But on the other hand the world can also be frightful. People are starving, and do not have water to drink nor wash themselves. But somewhere someone has unlimited food and water and never thinks about those people who are in need. Due to the over consumption of water, gas, wood et cetera, we might be in a lack of mineral resources in the future. And if they run out, we need to find an alternative vari...
commonplace household ' tripping point a significant change in the process, after which it can be turned back threshold start of something, border; , doorstep carbon footprint the amount of CO2 emitted due to the consumption of fossil fuels audit to inspect, conduct information about infrared scanner device using infrared radiation and converting it into electronic signal seep leek slowly appliance device, household equipment compact dense, packed together go nuts get crazy about sth, wor...
Life in the future In the domain of technology, robots will have replaced people in factories. Many factories already use robots. Big companies prefer robots- they do not ask for pay rises or go on strike, and they work 24 hours a day. By 2050, we will see robots everywhere- in factories, schools, offices, hospitals, shops and homes. In the 2050 every human have an opportunity to go on space travel, because space travels will cost less. Even the poor people can allow this. Schooling will be much better and cheaper (in the long run) in 2050. The word ,,school" will no longer be in our vocabulary. School will be called a ,,work force". There will be no more textbooks, paper, pens or pencils. Everything will be done electronically. Classes will be conjoyned together such as, English and History, Math and Science, etc. School will be more interesting and fun, plus school days will be shorter. By 2050 the work will be much easier. People wi...
The problems the contemporary world faces Over Loorits LE108 Pollution Air pollution produced by industry and motor vehicles. Water pollution caused by chemicals and sewer water dumped into water. Soil pollution caused by chemicals released into underground lakes. Natural resources running out Rainforests are being cut down constantly. There are not enough fresh water in some parts of the world. Fossil fuels are used too much and most of its reserves will be used up by 2050. Endangered species 40 percent of all organisms are endangered All the different species are important for biodiversity Habitat loss and hunting are the most widespread cause of species endangerment . Climate change Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather over periods of time. The Earth's average surface temperature has risen by 0.76° C since 1850. Most of the warming that ha...
Humans are changeing the planet with their ordinary life. The principle cause of climate change is the increase in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. The main cause of that is the burning of fossile fuels. This is leading to the global warming. People have discovered a way to reduce the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. It is possible to seperate the CO2 from the other gases by adding liquid which is very good at absorbing CO2. Then it can be pumped to underground. Scientist came up with this idea because methane gas has been down there for thousands of years and it has not come up. So they expect that the CO2 won't be coming up either. To be sure of that, they are coing to make a test and drill two wells to take purified CO2, inject it into the ground and monitor the physical changes that CO2 undergoes. This technology is really new and it is unknown to people. It has not been proven yet, so people are scared and concerned...
To: Environmental protection agency From: Subject: Wind power versus oil shale Date: September 22 Wind power vs oil shale Introduction The purpose of this report is to analyse if wind power is better than power which is produced from oil shale. The report is based on EWPA (Estonian Wind Power Association) article which is published on their web page. Wind power It is said that the wind power is the most expensive source of power, but this statement is not plausible, because the recourse -wind- is for free. Calculations have shown that if new oil shale blocks were built, it would cost 3473 million EEK in a year per capita. On the other hand, if wind power were renewed in similar amount, it would cost only 868 million EEK per capita in a year. It means that if the wind power were renewed, it would be 17 370 millions EEK cheaper. The fact that wind energy saves resources and produces neither dangerous ...
"Can food really affect our mental well-being?" Food can affect our mental being, it also can affect our Physical ,Spiritual,Emotional,Social Health , it only depends what people eat. Food powers our life. It fuels all our body processes that enable us to move, think and breathe. There is no aspect that is not influenced by what people eat. Fueling our body with processed food, fast food, sugar, fat and calories food affects who we are. Food supplies the source of power for our brain as well as our body, and has a direct relationship to mental and emotional health and stability. Learning and memory, illnesses such as depression, reduced calorie diet that includes fruits,vegetables and fish. What people eat determines how they tackle their daily physical activities, including housework, job, school, homework, shopping, caring for a family and exercise. Eating healthy enables body movements to be executed with ea...
Answers for the IPCC Summary. 1.Radiative forcing is a measure of the influence that a factor has in altering the balance of incoming and outgoing energy in the Earth-atmosphere system and is an index of the importance of the factor as a potential climate change mechanism. 2.The three main things that alter the energy balance of the climate system are the changes in the atmospheric abundance of greenhouse gases and aerosols, in solar radiation and in land surface properties. 3.The two sources for the increased concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere are production, distribution and consumption of fossil fuels and as a by-product from cement production. 4.The two main sources of methane pollution are agriculture and fossil fuel use. 5.Volcanic aerosols are not included to the list because of their episodic nature. 6.The world's oceans absorb more than 80% of heat. 7.The total 20th-century rise is estimated to be 0.17...
Simple and small ways affect the enviroment for the better Everyone can do something for the enviroment. All of us should do something, because enviroment is very important to people. Our planet is changing and we need to help it change for the better. One way how to help the enviroment is saving energy. You should switch off anything, that uses electricity. If you’re not using it, then turn it off, it’s simple. This goes for lights, televisions and so on. Also try unplugging if possible, because even when an appliance is turned off, it still may use power. You could switch your light bulbs to LED light bulbs, because these are using less energy and even last longer. If you use renewable energy sources, you won’t cause burning fossil fuels, that causes pollution. Another way how to help the enviroment would be saving water. Turn off the water, when you’re not using it. People often leave water running, when they’re br...
Tööleht nr 4 . Valitud riigi – Suurbritannia majandus. Õpilase nimi: Andmeallikaid kasutades ära unusta viitamist. Arvandmete kasutamisel tuleb lisada ühikud ja aastad. NB! Kui kasutad lisalehti – kinnita/klammerda need töölehe külge . Märkus! Andmed, mis olen kirjutanud kajastuvad enamikes ülesannetes 2008-st aastast. Mõnel üksikul kohal on värskem ja uuendatud materjal 2009 aastast. 1. Millised on Sinu riigi majanduse arengut soodustavad tegurid? Millised takistavad tegurid? Leia/nimeta 2 olulisemat mõlemal juhul. Soodustavad: a. Põllumajandus on intensiivne, palju masintööd, mis on euroopa standartile vastavalt efektiivne, tootes 60% vajaminevast toidust vaid kahe protsendilise tööhõivega kogu riigist. b. Väga suurtes kogustes loodusliku gaasi, sütt ja õli, millega sai temast üks tähtis energia importijaid aastal 2005. Takistavad: ...
Avaldatud Creative Commons litsensi ,,Autorile viitamine+ jagamine samadel tingimustel 3.0 Eesti (CC BY-SA 3.0) alusel vt http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ee Maailma metsatööstus Koostaja: Ülle Liiber Avaldatud Creative Commonsi litsentsi ,,Autorile viitamine + jagamine samadel tingimustel 3.0 Eesti (CC BY-SA 3.0)" alusel, vt http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ee/ Ü. Liiberi foto 2011 - rahvusvaheline metsa-aasta Mida on kujutatud rahvusvahelise metsa-aasta logol? Miks üldse on kuulutatud üks aasta "metsa- aastaks"? http://ecojesuit.com/accelerated-loss-rates-and-a-few-success-stories-2011-is-the-international-year-of-forests/719/ Kui poleks metsa, poleks ka metsatööstust ... · Metsad katavad maismaast 31%, so 4033 mln ha. · 93% metsadest on looduslikud ja 7%...
Architecture and cities in the future · The painting by Frank R. Paul · Cities made of steel, glass and plastic · Massive skyscrapers, roof-top aerodromes, wide pedestrian boulevards, metal roadways, urban space launch pads, noise regulations. · Cities must change radically to achieve long-term sustainability. · Energy, food and water sources, transportation systems and basic infrastructure, must all adapt to emerging pressures from climate change, dw...
Märt Leppik AT13 17.09.09 Comparison of diesel and petrol engine Similarities Both engines have a similar combustion cycle. The cycle is four strokes long. The strokes are the intake stroke, the compression stroke, the combustion stroke, and the exhaust stroke. During the intake stroke, the piston moves down in time with the opening of the intake valve. This allows the cylinder to become full of an air and gas mixture. This mixture is compressed during the compression stroke, which increases the compression pressure at which the gas mixture will be ignited, or self-ignited. The combustion stroke is the stroke following the explosion of the mixture, and this stroke is what powers the car. It is this stroke that powers the crankshaft, and allows for the car to move. The final stroke is the exhaust stroke. The exhaust valve opens when the piston hits the bottom, and the piston pushes the exhaust out. Both engines also have c...
Solar power What is solar power? Solar power is the energy, which is derived from solar radiation energy. Mainy used to heat and power production, but as well as natural lighting. Solar power released as a result of fusion reactions taking place in the sun. What is solar power? Päikeseenergia on energia, mis on saadud päikesekiirguse energiast. Põhiliselt kasutatakse seda soojuse ja elektri tootmiseks aga ka loomulikus valgustuses. Päikeseenergia vabaneb päikesel toimuvate termotuumareaktsioonide tulemusel. Using heat production production of electricity from solar energy Kasutamine: Soojuse tootmiseks (sh. tarbevee ja joogivee kütmiseks) kasutatakse päikesekütteseadmeid. Elektri tootmine päikeseenergiast võib toimuda fotoelement- ehk fotogalvaanilises elektrijaamas päikesepatareidega või päikese-soojuselektrijaamades läbi soojuse. ...
Margit Tepner k0848752 Sustainability aspects of biofuels 1. Introduction The literature review will discuss the sustainability aspects of biofuels. Food production will be the main concern as it is the most debated issue, but other aspects, such as land use change and water consumption will be also considered as they are essential aspects in the biofuels sustainability criteria. The review will discuss the viability of biofuels based on the current technologies. Second-generation biofuels are not yet commercially viable and therefore will not be discussed; although they could significantly improve the sustainability of biofuels when they break through to the industrial scale. 2. The scale of biofuels production 2.1. Drivers of biofuels production Lal (2010) stated that "three inter-connected challenges face humankind in the 21st century": food security, climate change, and energy security. The world...
Tartus secondary school of business Nuclear Power Helena Nulk form 11b Tartu 2009 Table of contents Introduction..........................................................................................................................................3 What is nuclear power?....................................................................................................................3 Nuclear life cycle.............................................................................................................................3 What is nuclear energy?...................................................................................................................3 What is nuclear fusion?....................................................................................................................4 What is ...
Global Warming One of the biggest issues our planet and its inhabitants are facing nowadays is global warming. Global warming, also often referred to as the greenhouse effect, has not always been a problem. However, over the last centuries, since the Industrial Revolution things have changed. Polar regions are melting, species are dying, climate zones are shifting, migration patterns for animals such as polar bears and birds are being disrupted our world as we know it is changing. Some scientists believe that the climate will reach a tipping point, a point at which even a tiny additional increase would throw the system into violent change. We started doing harmful things and only now do we realize what we have done and what we are doing. At this current rate by the middle of next century the Earth's temperature may rise a predicted from 2 to 6 degrees Celsius. This may not seem as much but with the E...
Tartu Miina Härma gymnasium Biogas The source of future energy Report Tartu 2010 Table of Contents Introduction......................................................................................................... What is biogas?................................................................................................... Producing process............................................................................................... Nowadays............................................................................................................ Areas where biogas is used in............................................................................. Biogas as replacement of fuel.......................................................................... Other benefits.......................................................................
Improved Windows for Cold Climates In this paper the possibilities of improving the energy performance of windows in cold climates are exam-ined. The background for using windows with improved energy performance is the need to reduce the en-ergy consumption in buildings. Since the heat loss through windows often represents half the total heat loss from houses, much energy can be saved by developing and using better windows with respect to energy performance. The main purpose of having windows in houses is that they provide daylight and view, but windows also provide solar gain that can be utilized as a contribution to the space heating in the building. Therefore the windows also have a positive influence on the energy balance of buildings. To evaluate the possibilities for developing better windows with respect to energy performance when used in Nordic and arctic climates, seven different window types have been examin...
D i ox i n s a n d f u r a n s i n t h e atmosphere. Their impact on humans and nature. Emission sources What are dioxines and furans? The term Dioxin is commonly used to refer to a family of toxic chemicals that all share a similar chemical structure and a common mechanism of toxic action. Most dioxins and furans are not manmade or produced intentionally, but are created when other chemicals or products are made. This family includes: seven of the polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins (PCDDs), ten of the polychlorinated dibenzo furans (PCDFs) and twelve of the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). · PCDD · 2,3,7,8TCDD · PCDF · PCB · PCDDs and PCDFs are not commercial chemical products but are trace level unintentional byproducts of most forms of combustion and several industrial chemical processes. Of all of the dioxins and furans, one, 2,3,7,...
How to produce bioenergy from agricultural resources without harming the environment Jürgen Aosaar Jaak-Albert Metsoja Ahto Oja BOVA cource on biogas from biomass March 3-7 2008 Tartu Deciduous tree species on abandoned agricultural land Current situation • The long term development plan of the Estonian energy industry foresees a reduction in the use of fossil fuels and an increase in the share of biofuels: by the year 2010 renewable energy must account for 5.1% of total energy consumption Current situation (2) • In Estonia we have abandoned arable land about 400 000 ha, part of it is overgrowing naturally, and another part has been afforested • For short-rotation forestry in Estonia, ecologically and economically the most suitable tree is probably grey alder, which is a highly productive and soil improving species Grey alder...
Veracruz Spilling from the slopes of the Sierra Madre Oriental to the Hulf of Mexixo,the state of Veracruz froms a 450-mile-long crescent.Since Spanish colonial times the harbor at the city of Veracruz has been the point of entry for diverse cultures either staging invasions or seeking a share in the state's abundant resources.these newcomers Spaniards, Africans, Greeks, Italians and Cubans blended with the indigenous people to create a mélange of traditions that are unique to Veracruz. Long before Cortes these tropical lowlands wwewe the domain of the Olmec,Mesoamerica's oldest civikization, which rose to prominence 3,000 years ago, developing religious ideas, mathematical concepts and a calendar system that would be adopted later by the Maya and Aztec. Master carvers, the Olmec disappeared mysteriously around 400 b.c.,leaving behind gigantic asalt heads believed to represent their rulers.Most...
Green Energy Program paid for and brought to by -Anja Bananja -Franz the Manz - And Just Chadrick Overview- What is Green Energy? Different Types? What is sustainability? German Green Energy Cost and Efficiency Recycling What is Green Energy? -It is energy resources that are renewable -Can be naturally replenished -Clean, Safe and not harmful to the environment (aka mother earth) Types of Green Energy Green Energy going cute Solar Power · Is produced by using photovoltaic cells, which capture sunlight and turns that into energy. Problems ? -The sun has got to shine -The cost of solar panels and the systems range between $20k-40k -The light from the sun produces a very small amount of energy Wind Power -These giant pinwheels spin from strong winds which spins ...
1. Which are the main cornerstones of EU-Russia cooperation? Which have been the main developments and success stories in this partnership in 2000-2012? Which side is more interested? The main cornerstones of the EU and Russia relations are the trade and energy relations. One biggest breakthrough has been gas pipeline Nord Stream. Russia is the third biggest trade partner of the EU and is the main importer of gas and crude oil. The economic benefits are the biggest cornerstones of the relations. Cooperation between Russia and the European Union progressively strengthens in foreign policy and security issues, in combating illegal migration, organised crime and terrorism. The main achievement of recent years, which can be hardly overestimated, is the understanding increasingly gaining ground that partnership between Russia and the EU is one of the cornerstones of maintaining stability and prosperity not only in Europe, but world-wide. ...
BARRIERS TO DISTRICT HEATING DEVELOPMENT IN SOME EUROPEAN COUNTRIES Abstract District heating (DH) offers low primary energy demand, high security of supply and small CO 2 emissions. Barriers to DH in the UK, Ireland, France, Romania and the Czech Republic have been compiled through publications and interviews. DH systems require large investments, have negative initial cash flow and long payback time, which obstructs financing. One actor should control DH from source to consumption. If the value chain is fragmented, contracts are required between the links. It increases risks and financing costs, like in the UK and Ireland, where DH is not established. There are few multi- family houses with central heating and it is expensive to build DH networks in built areas. Most French DH systems are operated according to long-term concessions by companies that sell electricity and gas. No strong actor provid...
Canada Geography The geography of Canada is vast and diverse. Occupying most of the northern portion of North America, Canada is the world's second largest country in total area. The highest point in Canada is Mount Logan 6,050 m, which is in the Yukon. The two principal river systems are the Mackenzie and the St. Lawrence. The St. Lawrence, with its tributaries, is navigable for over 3,058 km. The largest lake situated entirely in Canada is Great Bear Lake at 31,328 km2 in the Northwest Territories. The largest lake which is at least partly in Canadian territory is Lake Superior Climate Canada's climate is as diverse as its landscape. Generally, Canadians enjoy four very distinct seasons, particularly in the more populated regions along the US border. Daytime summer temperatures can rise to 35°C and higher, while lows of -25°C are not uncommon in winter. More moderat...
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS Our environment is constantly changing. However, as our environment changes, so does the need to become increasingly aware of the problems that surround it. With a massive influx of natural disasters people need to be aware of what types of environmental problems our planet is facing. Current environmental problems make us vulnerable to disasters and tragedies, now and in the future. Unless we address the various issues seriously we are surely doomed for disaster. Current environmental problems require urgent attention. 1. Pollution: Pollution of air, water and soil require millions of years to recoup. Industry and motor vehicle exhaust are the number one pollutants. Heavy metals, nitrates and plastic are toxins responsible for pollution. While water pollution is caused by oil spill, acid rain, urban runoff; air pollution is caused by various gases and toxins released ...
EESTI MEREAKADEEMIA Laevamehaanika õppetool Kursusetöö Õppeaines Laeva abimehhanismid Rooli masin Kadett: Sergei Dombrovski Õppegrupp: MM42 Õppejõud: Jaan Läheb Kursusetöö: Laeva abimehhanismid 2 Sergei Dombrovski MM42 Tallinn 2013.a. Sisukord SISUKORD............................................................................................................................. 2 KURSUSETÖÖ ÜLESANNE................................................................................................ 3 1.SELGITAV OSA...................................................................................................
Tartu Secondary School of business JAMAICA Form 10 A Tartu 2007 Introduction.................................................................................................................................3 Geography...................................................................................................................................3 History.........................................................................................................................................3 Economy..................................................................................................................................... 4 Econometrics...............................................................................................................................6 Climate.................................................
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