Ökosüsteemi teenused inim- keskkonnasüsteemide jätkusuutliku arengu vahend. Lapimaa metsa juhtumiuuring Soomes Sissejuhatus Ökosüsteemi teenuste(ecosystem services)(ÖT) kontseptsioon on teaduslikus metoodikas suhteliselt uus, pakkudes võimalikku lähenemist inimtegevuse tagajärjel toimunud ökoloogilistele probleemidele ning lahenduseks maakasutusega seotud probleemidele. Kuigi ÖT vastu on huvi nii teaduslikul, majanduslikul kui poliitilisel tasandil, on siiani avaldatud vaid mõned juhtumiuuringud. Antud töös uuritakse Lapimaa metsa häireid ÖTde ning maastikuplaneerimise vahel. Inimese ning keskkonna vahelised süsteemid on alati keerukad. ÜRO poolt toetatud Milleniumi Ökosüsteemi Hinnangu (2005)(Millenium Ecosystem Assessment) kohaselt on praeguseks 60% maailma ÖTdest kahjustunud. ÖTde lähenemine ühendab erinevad paradigmad ning uurimistraditsioonid sotsiaal-, majandus- ning keskkonnateadustest. Ökosüsteemide ...
Süsteemiteooria Alla Pikkas Süsteem Seotud objektid – ühine eesmärk Hästi korraldatud info liikumine Süsteemi komponendid on element, sidemed, funktsioonid ja piirid Süsteemne lähenemine • Terviklikkus • Sihikindlus • Üldistatud vaade • Otsuste mõju Süsteemide tüübid Avatud süsteem Keskkon d Süsteem Protse Väljun Sisend ss d Keskkond Süsteemi omadused • Struktuur • Käitumine • Vastastikune seotus • Omab funktsioone või funktsioonide komplekse Võrgustiku teooria Marleen Reemann “A network theory of power” Manuel Castells, 2011 NetworkingPower Network Power Networked Power Network-making Power Operatsioonisüsteemid Ükski ökosüsteem ei ole “saar” Klienti ei huvita, kes on tema appi looja APP=TEENUS ARGUMENDID Koostöö võrgustikes võimendab innovatsi...
What is deep sea? Deep sea is nothing but the stumpy level in the marine that is found in the depth of more than 1800 m. This area is completely dark because no light can make a way inside it. 71 % portion of the earth is occupied by water and people are utilizing ocean for various purposes such as transportation, fishing, exploration and many more. However, the deep part of the sea is still remains untouched. Seeing the situation majority of the scientist thought that life would be scant in the deep sea, but almost each search has discovered that life is plentiful in this reason. The deepest layer of ocean has lots of unthinkable stories, secrecy and legends that make mankind more curious about the life that is surviving bottom of the sea. Deep sea animals Deep sea animals live in the marine ecosystem or in oceans. If you look at the marine biology, you will find millions of species of sea animals. The marine life is a large resource t...
Protecting endangered species will make a difference in humans' life In the nature of humankind it is natural to hunt animals. However, nowadays hunting endangered species will make humans be just killers, because it is not necessary to kill something just to have a trophy on the wall at home. People can be proud of what they have done, but decreasing the population of a species largely will cause the specific animal breed to go extinct faster than it would happen via natural causes. Therefore, humans should stop hunting endangered species to slow down their extinction, as these species offer balance in the wildlife, are used without purpose in medicine, and may even reduce poverty. Species on the brink of extinction affect us more than we realize. Sure, pandas are cute, and rhinos are fun to look at, but is there anything more to that? All animals and plants form a very important part of our ecosystem that also includes our land...
Mailis Zirk 2011 BIOGEOGRAPHY P. Ganderton and P Coker ENVIRONMENTAL BIOGEOGRAPHY England 2005 Question of the day Which three fundamental processes does biogeography deal with? Current and historical patterns of plants and animals observation and detection small and large scale patterns from agriculture to reclamation Deals with: Evolution - result of an irreversible genetic change in an individual or population Dispersal - organisms move out from their origins Extinction - species is permanently eliminated by natural actions, ensuring that no living examples remain Impacts: individual species community Individual level - changes in organism survival Species level - changes in ecosystem structure and distribution Community level - changes in global biodiversity Management to...
Hydroelectricity Sander Vidder Kristo London Hydroelectricity Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy. History Hydropower has been used since ancient times to grind flour and perform other tasks. In the mid1770s, French engineer Bernard Forest de Bélidor published Architecture Hydraulique which described vertical and horizontalaxis hydraulic machines. Hydroelectric Dam Generating methods Conventional (dams) Pumpedstorage Runoftheriver Underground Advantages Economics CO2 emissions Other uses of the reservoir Disadvantages Ecosystem damage and loss of land Siltation Relocation Failure hazard Estonia hydroelectricity´s Kamari hüdroelektrijaam Tudulinna hüdroelektrijaam Linnamäe hüdroelektrijaam Largest The Three Gorges Dam is th...
Jekaterina Misuna Hypervisor, the powerful open source industry standard for virtualization offers a powerful, efficient, and secure feature set for virtualization of CPU architectures. What is Xen? It supports a wide range of guest operating systems including Windows® Linux® Solaris® BSD operating systems Support With Xen virtualization, a thin software layer known as the Xen hypervisor is inserted between the server's hardware and the operating system. Server Virtualization This provides an abstraction layer that allows each physical server to run one or more "virtual servers" Effectively decoupling the operating system Its applications from the underlying physical server. Server Virtualization The Xen hypervisor is a unique open source technology developed collaboratively by the Xen community and engineers at over 50 of the most innovative data center solution vendors, inclu...
Savanna A savanna is a grassland ecosystem with scattered trees or shrubs. In savannas trees are small or widely spaced so that the canopy does not close. It is often believed that savannas are characterized by widely spaced, scattered trees, however in many savanna communities tree densities are higher and trees are more regularly spaced than in forest communities. The open canopy allows sufficient light to reach the ground to support an unbroken herbaceous layer consisting primarily of C4 grasses. Savannas are also characterised by seasonal water availability, with the majority of rainfall being confined to one season of the year. Savannas can be associated with several types of biomes. Savannas are frequently seen as a transitional zone, occurring between forest and desert or prairie. Although the term savanna is believed to have originally come from a Native American word describing "land which is without trees but with ...
Straitland Historical Facts Straitland has served as a junction of international trade routes for Vikings. Long struggle of power with foreign intruders has left ancient strongholds in Valjala, Lihula and Soontagana. The churches in Muhu, Valjala, Mustjala, Karja and Kihelkonna are honorable and elderly because Straitland was the one to bring Christianity to Estonia. The castle of Kuressaare is still standing proudly, but in Lihula only ruins can be seen. The patterns of national dresses and the churches bring memories of secret sign cultures of Medieval Times. Good knowledge of singing and facilit...
How to improve life in your hometown? Is our hometown Võru the best place in the Estonia, where to live? I don`t think so ,life in my hometown should be more active, entertaining and enjoyable. If you like to live in your hometown, you should take part of improving it too. There are many ways to develop new possibilities to spend time usefully and wisely. It's very important to keep your hometown clean and polite, because then you and the others would like to live there much more. Also it would improve the tourism in this city. It's nice when people who visit your hometown, will remember that they visited such proper and friendly city. It's useful when you have restaurants and shopping centres in our city,because these will be always great tourist magnets. It's good when your hometown has some interest groups and possibilities to enjoy person's hobbies. For the kids and adolescents there should be enough train...
Electro-fishing equipment is used for collecting different fish species and recording their relative abundances, and making cursory determinations of their health based on external observations. Collecting and recording fish data reveals what species are surviving and inhabiting a particular stream system and to what extent the aquatic ecosystem is maintaining that population. Depending on the type of stream visited and the field chemistry and habitat measurements taken, biologists have certain expectations of what type of species they should expect to find. When this ends up not being the case, as where warm water pollutant tolerant species are found in what would be considered cold water species habitat, then the biologists look closer into possible causes for the ecological imbalance. When combined with water chemistry, habitat, and stream invertebrate information, a clear picture of the ecological system is brought in to focus fr...
jätkusuutlikkus sustainability vahetuv ümbruskond immediate surroundings põhi mugavused - basic amenities piirama confines biosfäär biosphere hoidma sustain ülekaalus olev prevailing haritav arable vesi/vee - aquatic tarbimine consumption ühendama incorporates jäätme käitlus waste assimilation tööriist tool ökosüsteem ecosystem rikkuma exceed taastada regenerate säilitama maintain liialdama overshoot alahindama underestimate piisavalt adequately nõuded requirements näitama indicate kogus/hulk volume vastupandamatu compelling kokkupõrge/mõju impact gobaalne soojenemine global warming kliimamuutused climate hange kasvuhooneefekt the green house effect osooniaugud the hole in the ozone layer happevihm acid rain metsaraie deforestation rahavastikukadu depopulation reostus pollution sudu smog biolagunev biodegradable looduskaitse conservation prügimägi dumping ground keksk...
2.1 Thermal treatment of physical properties of polyethylene Märksõnad: polyethylene, thermal treatment, physical properties Otsiprofiilid: polyethylene AND thermal treatment polyethylene AND physical properties polyethylene AND properties polyethylene AND treatment polyethylene AND thermal AND treatment polyethylene AND physical AND properties 2.1.1 a) polyethylene AND thermal AND treatment: 1441 artiklit polyethylene AND physical AND properties: 7410 artiklit b) polyethylene AND thermal AND treatment: 143 artiklit kasutades Ei controlled terms Polyethylene AND physical AND properties: 866 artiklit kasutades Ei controlled terms 2.1.2 Malle Krunksile leidsin 60 artiklit 2.2 2.2.1 http://search.proquest.com/docview/230171400/13CC363D7D13127162A/1? accountid=28786 a) Jim Brown heads a management consulting firm, Tech-Clarity Inc. in Media, Pa. he also serves as the product lifecycle management specialist for the PLM Evalua...
3. slaid If we destroy some kind of spiece, we cant recreate it. They carrie unique information which cant be restored. Maybe in the future, the technology will get so far that they can recreate some extincted spieces. Here is araucaria mirabilis which was living approximately 160 million years ago If we create some culture on the field or cut down some alder forest and replace it with spruces, will it have interaction to the whole world? It's extremely difficult to answer, because there are so many factors. 4. slaid Renewable resources have became metaphor with meaning that its easy way to produce energy. Its easy to destroy our forests but it changes our ecosystem. They cause blowdowns, erosions and so on. 5.slaid scope of history Forests sometimes need to be updated. We need to take down trees with diseases. But we cant cut down trees which have cultu...
Eesti Maaülikool Maastikuarhitektuur Liisa Sekavin Inimtegevuse mõju elusloodusele, veereziimi muutused, kõrbestumine. Referaat Juhendaja: lekt. Merle Öpik Tartu 2012 Referaadi eesmärk on selgitada kõrbestumise ja veereziimi muutuste mõju elusloodusele ning tuua välja nende omavahelisi seoseid. Refereerimisele on võetud enamasti materjal, mida on võimalik leida internetist ja koostatud pigem välismaa näidetel. Kõrbestumise ja veereziimide muutuste mõju puhul peetakse eelkõige oluliseks mõju inimesele. Käsitletakse ka inimese mõju elusloodusele nii üldisemalt kui ka otsesemalt kõrbestumist ja veereziimide muutusi põhjustades. Hävitades troopilisi metsi, intensiivistades põllumajandust või laiendades linnu, on inimeste tegevus kõikjale ulatuvalt muutnud ma...
Presentation about enviroment Good afternoon everyone. First, let me introduce myself. My name is Valter and I am a student of Tallinn University of Technology. I'd like to talk about environment, its pollution and protecting. I shall only take 3 minutes of your time. Let me begin with the word enviroment and what it means! It means surroundings in which people, animals and plants exist. These are the things that we need, to be alive, but they are also many man-made things and technical progresses that harm the nature. Therefore we can´t live on this planet without basic components which are needed for human existence - air, water and soil. Firstly air, which is mostly a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen. People, animals and plants can ´t live without air. Without oxygen there would be no fire. So we can see, that air is the basic condition for life on the Earth. Did you know that till 18th century people...
MAASTIKU LOODUSTEADLIKUD KÄSITLUSED 2016 Maastik on looduslikult ühtlase ilmega maa-ala, kus korduvad teatud pinnavormid, taimkatteüksused, inimtegevuse avaldused jms. Igapäevasemas tarvituses: teatud maa-ala välisilme, värvide ja vormide laad vaatevälja ulatuses. Ometi käsitletakse maastikku väga erinevalt. Seda juba eri teadusharude juures erinevalt. Esimeses artiklis käsitleb autor maastikku rohkem vaimses võtmes. Ta rõhutab rohkem iga inimese enda tunnetamist maastikku ja seda, kuidas maastik ajas muutub, ning kas ka seda muutust tajutakse. Mainiti ka, kuidas maastik aastaaegade vahetumisega mitmeks erinevaks kohaks muutub. Autor arvab, et maastik on kõik, mida ta väljaspool siseruume näeb. „Tänavad, parklad, laoplatsid, maanteed, bensiinijaamad, kõrgepingeliinid, ..., ka linnud, loomad, taimed ja kivid, ..., pilved, aasta- ja kellaajad, tähed ja planeedid. Arvan seda sellepärast, et ma nii näen.“ (Luik 2001) ...
Environmental problems Nimi Klass Biodiversity The variety of life on Earth, its biological diversity, is commonly referred to as biodiversity. The number of species of plants, animals, and microorganisms, the enormous diversity of genes in these species, the different ecosystems on the planet, such as deserts, rainforests and coral reefs are all part of a biologically diverse Earth. Appropriate conservation and sustainable development strategies attempt to recognize this as being integral to any approach. In some way or form, almost all cultures have recognized the importance of nature and its biological diversity for their societies and have therefore understood the need to maintain it. Yet, power, greed and politics have affected the precarious balance. Why Is Biodiversity Important? Who Cares? · Why is Biodiversity important? Does it really matter if there aren't so...
The environment in realtion to mobility/transport in Europe Air pollution is problem all over the world. Through some pollution comes from these natural sources, most pollution is the result of human activity. The biggest causes are the operation of fossil fuel- burning power plants and automobiles that combust fuel. Combined, these two sources are responsible for about 90% of all air pollution in the United States. All kind of pollutions can lead us to serious health problems. For example, air pollution is increasingly being cited as the main cause of lung conditions such as asthma - twice as many people suffer from asthma today compared to 20 years ago. Every year, 3.2m Europeans are diagnosed with cancer - the most common cause of death after heart disease. Most widespread are cancers of the lungs, breast and colon. Diseases such as bronchitis, lung cancer and heart diseases may all eventually appear in people exposed to a...
KANTSEROGEENID PÕHJAVEES Ilona Juhanson, Martin Tamm, Agnes Suurväli, Regiina Lopetaite, Oliver Simpson TEEMAST Kantserogeensed ained Nende sattumine põhjavette Kuidas nad põhjavette satuvad Nende mõju elusorganismidele TUNTUD KANTSEROGEENID Radoon, asbest, benseen, arseen Tubakas Raskemetallid (Sb, Pb jt) Dioksiinid Tuumajaamade jäätmed, radioaktiivsed ained Halogeenid ÜLDISED MÄRKSÕNAD Kantserogeenid (carcinogens) Põhjavesi (groundwater) Terviseriskid (health risk) Kartsinoom, vähk (carcinoma, cancer) Reostus, reostamine (pollution) OTSIPROFIILID carcinogens AND groundwater Carcinogens AND groundwater AND pollution health risks AND groundwater AND pollution groundwater AND pollution AND problems groundwater AND health risks AND (carcinogen OR cancer) groundwater AND cancer AND (organisms OR health) groundw...
Taking up cycling instead of using a car is too dangerous in cities. It could be argued that taking up cycling is very healthy for people. It supports people more to move and it is like doing a sport. Besides it is very good for environment. Thanks to using bicycles cities air will be cleaner and air is not such impure. Thanks to cleaner air people's can breathe better air. This is partly true, but taking up cycling instead of using a car is really more dangerous than use only cars. Thanks to taking up cycling traffic will go busier and messier. There is much different kind of movers in traffic and it makes traffic really dangerous. It is clear that it is not too dangerous. There are many cities where cycling is very popular, for example in Copenhagen. If this method will be chosen, city needs to build special cycling roads. Thanks to these roads traffic should be safer. More energy is used up taking items to re...
The Mountain Lion cougar (Puma concolor), also puma, cougar, or panther, is a member of the Felidae family, native to the Americas. This large, solitary cat has the greatest range of any wild land mammal in the Western Hemisphere, extending from Yukon in Canada to the southern Andes of South America. An adaptable species, the cougar is found in every major North American habitat. The Mountain lions of Yellowstone region were significantly reduced by predator control measures during the early 1900s. It is reported that 121 lions were removed from the park between the years 1904 and 1925. Then, the remaining population was estimated to be 12 individuals. Mountain lions apparently existed at very low numbers between 1925 and 1940. They maintain a secretive profile in the Yellowstone region. Although the cougar population numbered in the hundreds during the early 1900s, controlled hunts between 1904 and 1925 decimated the population. Today,...
Tundra swans Tundra swans ● Whooper swan, Bewick´s swan and mute swan (laululuik, väikeluik, kühmnokk-luik) Whooper swan ● Large white swan (bigger than bewick) ● Lenght – 140 to 165 cm ● Deep honking call and powerfull fliers ● Require large areas to live in ● Adult birds – feathers entirely white, black feet, mostly black bill ● Pens (females) – slightly smaller than cobs (males) ● Immatures – white mixed with some dull grey feathering; bills – black, large dirty-pink patch ● In Estonia first nesting - 1979 Whooper swan Behaviour of whooper swan ● Pair for life, cygnets stay with them all the winter ● Breffered breeding habitat – wetlands ● Both build the nest ● Male will stand guard over the nest while female incubates ● 4 to 7 eggs Influence of whooper swan ● Much admired in Europe ● National bird ...
6. HARJUTUSÜLESANNE 6.1. Teemaotsing internetist Loe läbi teoreetiline õppematerjal interneti otsingu ja otsimootorite kohta. Otsi oma rühma teemal veebiartikleid interneti erinevatest otsimootoritest ja teemakataloogidest. Vali otsinguteks vähemalt 3 otsimootorit sh üks metaotsimootor, mis võimaldavad teostada kompleksotsingut. Üks otsimootor võiks olla Google Scholar, mis onlinkserveri SFX kaudu seotud raamatukogu andmebaasidega ja võimaldab teha kindlaks täisteksti kättesaadavuse. Kirjelda, milliseid võimalusi otsingu täpsustamiseks kasutasid: fraasi otsing, keel, kärpimismärk, ajaline piirang, otsisõna esinemine tekstis, pealkirjas, URLis jne. Anna veebilehekülgedele hinnang autorluse, täiendamise, objektiivsuse ja sisu seisukohalt. Kasuta efektiivseteks otsinguteks interneti otsijuhendit. Esita: a) Otsimootorite nimetused ja veebiaadressid: b) Otsistrateegia, piirangud: c) Leitud /relevant...
1 EESTI ETTEVÕTLUSKÕRGKOOL MAINOR Ärijuhtimise õppekava Kerli Indres Uurimuslik referaat Kuidas ja miks on innovatsiooni alane koostöö ja koostöömudelid Eestis muutunud viimase kümne aasta vältel võrreldes Ida-Euroopa ja arenendud riikidega. Juhendaja: Aet Kull 2 Sissejuhatus. Tänapäeval on ettevõtluses väga tähtsal kohal innovatsioon. Innovatsiooni kohta on teada, et see on tänapäeva edu alustala ja see on väga vajalik - riikidele on seda vaja, ettevõtetele on seda vaja ja kogukonnad vajavad seda. Kuigi igal organisatsioonil on oma valdkonnale spetsifilis...
· Suuremõisa Castle. Suuremõisa Castle was built in the second half of the 18th century on the initiative of Countess EbbaMargaretha Stenbock (17041776). The wings are erected in 1772. There are 64 rooms in the Castle. 6 ponds were dug in the grounds of the Castle and a park and a garden established. In 1796 the Castle was sold to Baron UngernSternberg. The attic of the Castle has doubleceiling, where the Baron used to hide the treasures stolen from ships that had sunk in the Näkimadalad. On 19 October 1802 the Baron killed Karl Johannes Malm, the Captain (of Swedish origin) of his ship "Brig Morian", in this Castle. For this the baron was deported to Siberia. There are currently two schools in the Castle: Suuremõisa Gymnasium and Suuremõisa Technical School. In the latter one can also study how to become a ship's captain. · The Estonian Railway Museum is located in the s...
Different types of forests and their forms of usage TARTU 2010 Forest A forest (also called a wood, woodland, wold, weald, holt, frith) is an area with a high density of trees. Forests cover approximately 30% of land and 9.4% of all the planet earth. They are also responsible for regulating our planet's climate and act as large purifiers of airs, by absorbing carbon dioxide, and giving out oxygen. Different types of forests Forests are divided into following main types: o Tropical forest o Subtropical forest o Plantations o Boreal forest o Temperate forest o Seasonal or monsoon forest Tropical and Subtropical Forests Tropical and subtropical forests, also known as rainforests or tropical rainforests, are lavish and ample forests with broad leave tree. They are mostly found at lowlands near the equator - Asia, Africa, South & Central Am...
ANDMEBAASIGA SCOPUS TEOSTATUD OTSINGUD Teostatud lihtotsing üldiste märksõnadega: ainsaks kriteeriumiks seejuures on, et otsisõna sisalduma artikli pealkirjas, märksõnana või abstraktselt. OTSIPROFIIL LEITUD ALLIKATE ARV carcinogens AND groundwater 417 health risks AND groundwater pollution 1276 groundwater AND pollution AND problems 3708 groundwater AND health risks AND 275 (carcinogen OR cancer) groundwater AND cancer AND (organisms 289 OR health) groundwater AND ecosystem (cancer OR 0 carcinoma OR toxicology) Teostatud otsing teemaspetsiifiliste märksõnadega: OTSIPROFIIL LEITUD ALLIKATE ARV (releva...
Fishery resources Capture fisheries resources are highly diverse. FAO landing statistics refer to about 2 500 species or group of species most of which are finfish. By far the most numerous fish species, and those most important to aquaculture and fisheries, are teleosts, or bony fish, which in the sea extend from small "grazing" species such as anchovy to large active predatory fish such as tuna. A similarly wide range is also found in freshwater, with the most important species from a production point of view belonging to the carp family. These account for over half the total of inland waters fisheries production. Marine capture fisheries resources are usually considered close to full exploitation worldwide with about half of them fully exploited, one quarter over exploited, depleted or recovering from depletion and one quarter only with some capacity to produce more than they presently do...
LOODUSKAITSE MÕISTED Looduskaitsebioloogia (conservation biology) – teadusharu, mis uurib elurikkust ja seda ohustavaid tegureid ning on aluseks praktilisele looduskaitsetööle. Biofiilia (biophilia) – eelsoodumus armastada kõike elusat ja toetada elurikkust. Elurikkus ehk bioloogiline mitmekesisus (biodiversity) – kogu elusa looduse mitmekesisus. Kõigi elusorganismide mitmekesisus eri organisatsioonitasemetel: liigisiseselt (geneetiline mitmekesisus) ja liikidevaheliselt (liikide mitmekesisus), aga ka koosluste ja ökosüsteemide tasemel (koosluste mitmekesisus). Liik: 1.Liigi morfoloogiline definitsioon – ühte tüüpi kuuluvate, teistest morfoloogiliselt, füsioloogiliselt, biokeemiliselt või muude oluliste tunnuste poolest erinevate elusolendite rühm. 2.Liigi bioloogiline definitsioon – elusolendite rühm, kes võivad looduses omavahel ristuda ning saada sigimisvõimelisi järglasi. Biosüstemaatika (biosystematics) – teadus, mis tegeleb eluslo...
In the 2014 article, ,,Understanding the Internet of Things (IoT)" GSMA shares its vision of the evolution of The Internet of Things that will lead to the so-called Connected Life. The future of mobile connectivity goes beyond tablets and cars, allowing to connect virtually everything. It is assumed that there will be a significant rise of connected devices throughout the world, allowing the growth of new services, transforming the way people work and live. The lack of human interaction will probably cause the emergence of new business models and promote the delivery of services across diverse socio-economic sectors. A research by Machina Research predicts that the Internet of Things is likely to boost the economy by an enormous amount up to US$ 4.5 trillion yearly. The needs of variable industries are already met by the use of Machine to Machine (M2M) solutions using wireless networks. Being a relatively new sector, the M2M connecti...
EESTI MAAÜLIKOOL Metsandus- ja maaehitusinstituut Metsakasvatuse osakond Metsahäiringud Referaat õppeaines Metsakasvatuse erikursus Juhendaja Hardi Tullus Tartu 2015 Sisukord Sissejuhatus..........................................................................................3 1Metsahäiring.......................................................................................4 2Abiootilised metsahäiringud...............................................................5 2.1Tuli............................................................................................................................5 2.2Tuul...........................................................................................................................6 3Biootilised metsahäiringud.................................................................8 3.1Ulukikahjustused...............
TARTU ÜLIKOOL ÖKOLOOGIA JA MAATEADUSTE INSTITUUT ZOOLOOGIA OSAKOND HÜDROBIOLOOGIA ÕPPETOOL Taavi Porkveli MEREKAITSEALADE VÕRGUSTIKU LOOMISE ALUSED JA RAHVUSVAHELINE KOOSTÖÖ LÄÄNEMERE TINGIMUSTES Bakalaureusetöö Juhendaja: Tiia Möller TARTU 2013 Sisukord Sissejuhatus ................................................................................................................................ 3 1 Merekaitsealad ........................................................................................................................ 4 1.1. Ajalugu ja merekaitsealade vajadus ................................................................................ 4 1.2. Mõiste ja aspektid merekaitsealade loomisel .................................
Estonian University of Life Sciences Report on Soil Microflora By Katrin Vares Tartu 2013 Introduction The purpose of this report is to define soil microflora and establish the importance of it. Since the microorganisms clearly play an important role in preserving the balance of life, the next objective is to look into factors that influence this balance. Natural conditions and cultural impact could be considered as the variables that correlate the most with the activity and composition of microflora, hence some of the natural and cultural factors will be looked into a little more in detail. Definition, composition and importance of microflora Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary (2007) cited by the online medical dictionary (2013) defines living microorganisms as that small that they can be seen only with a microscope and that maintain a more or less constant presenc...
ÖKOLOOGIA · Masing, V. 1992 Ökoloogialeksikon. · Vuorisalo, T. 1999 Keskkonnakaitse ökoloogilised alused · Pleijel, H. 1993 Ökoloogiaraamat · Masing, V (koost.) 1979. Botaanika III · Sarapuu, T., Kallak, H. 1997. Bioloogia gümnaasiumile I osa · Begon, M., Harper, J.L., Townsend, C. 1996. Ecology: Individuals, Populations and Communities · Odum, E.P. 1997. Ecology a pridge between science and society · Ökoloogia (ecology) (oikos eluruum, logos õpetus) õpetus eluruumi seaduspäradest; teadus organismide, nende populatsioonide ning koosluste ja keskkonnatingimuste vastastikustest suhetest. · Termini võttis 1866.a. kasutusele saksa teadlane E. Haeckel. · Autökoloogia (organismal ecology) organismiökoloogia, liigi (seda esindavate isendite) ja keskkonnategurite suhteid uuriv ökoloogia haru . A-t jaotatakse uuritavate keskkonnategurite või organismirühmade ja ne...
Tartu Ülikool LOTE Sunda piirkonna bioloogilie mitmekesisuse hotspot Referaat Koostajad: X, Y, Z Õppejõud: ÕÕÕ Tartu 2008 1 Sisukord Sisukord...................................................................................................................................... 2 Sissejuhatus.................................................................................................................................2 Sunda riigi loodus-ja keskkonnakaitse korraldus........................................................................3 Osalus rahvusvahelistes loodus- ja keskkonnakaitse organisatsioonides................................... 3 Kaitsealade süsteem, selle efektiivsus ja prioriteedid...............
ÖKOLOOGIA KORDAMISKÜSIMUSTE VASTUSED EKSAMIKS 1. Ökoloogiateaduse uurimisobjektid - teadus interaktsioonid, mis määravad elusorganismide leviku ja arvukuse. 2. Ökoloogiliste tasemete hierarhia (alates kõrgemast tasemest) - Süsteemide ökoloogia (ecosystem), sünökoloogia (community), demökoloogia (population), autökoloogia (organism), ökofüsioloogia (organ system, organ, tissue, cell). 3. Populatsiooni mõiste - rühm ühe liigi isendeid, kes elavad koos samal ajal samas paigas.gh 4. Ökoloogilise teguri mõiste ja liigitus Selline aine-, energia-, ja infovoog keskkonnas, mis avaldab selles keskkonnas elavatele organismidele mõju. Liigitatakse abiootilisteks (ehk eluta loodus: muld, õhk, vesi, temp, niiskus, valgus, pH-tase jm) ja biootilisteks teguriteks (liigikaaslased ja teised liigid). 5. Mis on ökoloogiline amplituud ja mille abil seda kirjeldatakse. Ökol. amplituut on ökoloogilise teguri intensiivsuste vahemik, milles vaadeldava lii...
ÖKOLOOGIA Masing, V. 1992 Ökoloogialeksikon. Vuorisalo, T. 1999 Keskkonnakaitse ökoloogilised alused Pleijel, H. 1993 Ökoloogiaraamat Masing, V (koost.) 1979. Botaanika III Sarapuu, T., Kallak, H. 1997. Bioloogia gümnaasiumile I osa Begon, M., Harper, J.L., Townsend, C. 1996. Ecology: Individuals, Populations and Communities Odum, E.P. 1997. Ecology a pridge between science and society · Ökoloogia (ecology) (oikos eluruum, logos õpetus) õpetus eluruumi seaduspäradest; teadus organismide, nende populatsioonide ning koosluste ja keskkonnatingimuste vastastikustest suhetest. · Termini võttis 1866.a. kasutusele saksa teadlane E. Haeckel. · Autökoloogia (organismal ecology) organismiökoloogia, liigi (seda esindavate isendite) ja keskkonnategurite suhteid uuriv ökoloogia haru . A-t jaotatakse uuritavate keskkonnategurite või organismirühmade ja nen...
ÖKOLOOGIA Ökoloogia arvestus on 2 hes osas. 1. osas on mõisted ja 2. osas tuleb mõisted kokku vedada, võib kasutada materjaale. Ökoloogia ja keskkonnakaitse arvestus Mõisted: seletus (1 punkt) Näide (1 punkt) 1. Ökoloogia 2. populatsioon 3. kooslus 4. ökosüsteem 5. biosfäär 6. abiotilised keskkonnategurid 7. sünergism 8. Populatsiooni tihedus 9. Populatsiooni kandevõime 10. Elustrateegia 11. Dominantliik 12. Servaefekt 13. ? 14. Kohanemine 15. Õkonišš Rakuhingamine Fotosõntees 1,2,3 troofilisus tase Süsinikuringlemine ökosüsteemis Veeringlemine ökosüsteemis Energialiikumine toiduahelas Toitaineteliikumine toiduahelas Masing, V. 1992 Ökoloogialeksikon. Vuorisalo, T. 1999 Keskkonnakaitse ökoloogilised alused Pleijel, H. 1993 Ökoloogiaraamat Masing, V (koost.) 1979. Botaanika III Sara...
1. Ökoloogiateaduse uurimisobjektid Ecology (from Greek: , "house"; -, "study of") is the scientificstudy of the relation of living organisms to each other and their surroundings.[1] Ecology includes the study of plant and animalpopulations, plant and animal communities and ecosystems. Ecologists study a range of living phenomena from the role of bacteria in nutrient recycling to the effects of tropical rain forest on the Earth's atmosphere. Autökoloogia on ökoloogia haru, mis tegeleb organismide keskkonnanõudluste ja keskkonna- suhete uurimise ja kirjeldamisega. Demökoloogia ehk populatsiooniökoloogia (Schwerdtfeger 1963: 1314) on ökoloogia haru, mis uurib organismide populatsioone ja nende keskkonnaoludest johtuvat dünaamikat. Sünökoloogia on ökoloogia haru, mis tegeleb liikidevaheliste suhetega ökosüsteemides, organismide mitmeliigiliste koosluste (ehk biotsönooside) ...
Formaldehyde Formaldehyde is a colorless, flammable gas at room temperature. It has a pungent, distinct odor and may cause a burning sensation to the eyes, nose, and lungs at high concentrations. Formaldehyde is also known as methanal, methylene oxide, oxymethylene, methylaldehyde, and oxomethane. Formaldehyde can react with many other chemicals, and it will break down into methanol (wood alcohol) and carbon monoxide at very high temperatures. Formaldehyde is naturally produced in very small amounts in our bodies as a part of our normal, everyday metabolism and causes us no harm. It can also be found in the air that we breathe at home and at work, in the food we eat, and in some products that we put on our skin. A major source of formaldehyde that we breathe every day is found in smog in the lower atmosphere. Automobile exhaust from cars without catalytic converters or those using oxygenated ...
1. (a) (i) gene length of DNA; codes for a (specific), polypeptide / protein / RNA; max 1 allele alternative form of a gene; found at a, locus / particular position on, a chromosome; max 1 (ii) assume allele refers to coat colour allele (coat colour) gene / alleles, only on X chromosome; A no (coat colour), gene / allele, on Y chromosome male cats, XY / only have one X chromosome; males have only one (coat colour) allele / cannot have two (coat colour) alleles; need black and orange alleles for tortoiseshell colour; 2 r r w w (b) parental genotypes C C × C C ; r w ...
13.10.2014 Pärnumaa Kutsehariduskeskus KESKKONNAPROBLEEMID SÄÄSTEV ARENG, AGENDA 21 ÖKOLOOGILINE JALAJÄLG PAKENDID JA ÖKOMÄRGISTUS, JÄÄTMED JA JÄÄTMEKÄITLUS Teksti kujundas Vello Paluoja 13.10.2014 Aino Juurikas - PKHK 1 13.10.2014 2 G. Raagmaa materjalidest 21. sajandi iseärasused 6nda Kondratjevi lain...
Pahad ehk gallid on taimekudede paiksest haiguslikust vohamisest tekkinud väärmoodustised. Neid põhjustavad ärritavad ained, mida eritavad taimekahjurid- pahklestad, pahksääsed, pahkvaablased, pahktäid ning mõned patogeensed seened ja bakterid. Allelopaatia- ühe taime negatiivne mõju teisele keemilise mõjuaine vahendusel. Allokatsioon- piiratud ressursside jaotamine või suunamine niisugustesse kohtadesse, kus neid saab kasutada kõige tõhusamalt ja tulusamalt. Ansamblireeglid- liikide kooseksisteerimise (koosesinemine ja sagedus) piirangud. Traditsiooniliselt peetakse silmas biootilistest interaktsioonidest (eelkõige konkurents) tingitud piirangud, kuid samuti võib vaadelda levimisest või abiootilisest keskkonnast tingitud piiranguid. Biotsönoloogia- teadus biotsönoosidest ja organismide kooseluvormidest. Laiemas tähenduses sama, mis sünökoloogia, kitsamas tähenduses teadus organismide suhtesit looduse...
Ökosemiootika 9.09.2015 Teadusliku ökoloogia teke Ameerika ökoloog Frederic. E. Clements (1874-1945), Research Methods of Ecology (1905), Plant Succession (1916) Metoodika uuritava piirkonna taimestiku kirjeldamiseks (isendite kokkulugemine teatud piiratud alal ja selle põhjal järelduste tegemises laiema piirkonna kohta). Kooslused arenevad suksessioonidena (teatud kindlad arenguetapid) ja jõuavad kliimakskoosluseni (Eestis okaspuumetsad). Matemaatilise ökoloogia algus 1920ndatel. Ameerika statistik Alfred J. Lotka ja Itaalia matemaatik Vito Volterra arendasid 1925-1926 üksteisest sõltumatult välja matemaatilised meetodid populatsioonide dünaamika uurimiseks. Lotka-Volterra võrrandisüsteem kiskja ja saaklooma populatsioonide arvukuste vastassuhteid kirjeldav diferentsiaal-võrrandsüsteem nt jänese arvukus ja ilvese arvukus tulev teatava hilinemisega järele (ideaa...
Veapunktisüsteemi mudeli rakendamine ja rehabilitatsioonisüsteemi väljatöötamine (jätku-uuring) Tallinn 2010 Sisukord Sissejuhatus.................................................................................................................................3 1. Mõisted ...................................................................................................................................6 2. Veapunktisüsteemi olemus ja ülesehitus ................................................................................7 2.1. Veapunktide määramine ja kehtivusaeg .....................................................................9 2.2. Veapunktisüsteemi juriidilised aspektid ja sobitumine õiguskeskkonda..................11 2.3. Veapunktisüsteemi administreerimine......................................................................14 3. Liiklusreegleid rikkunud juhtide rehabilitatsio...
TALLINNA ÜLIKOOL Kasvatusteaduste Instituut Eelkoolipedagoogika osakond Kadri Allikmäe KOGUKONDLIKU JA JÄTKUSUUTLIKU ELUVIISI ÕPETAMISE METOODILINE MATERJAL 6.-7.-AASTASTELE LASTELE Bakalaureusetöö Juhendaja: PhD. dots. Kristina Nugin Tallinn 2012 Instituut Osakond Kasvatusteaduste Instituut Eelkoolipedagoogika osakond Töö pealkiri: Kogukondliku ja jätkusuutliku eluviisi õpetamise metoodiline materjal 6-7-aastastele lastele Teadusvaldkond: Kasvatusteadused Töö liik: Kuu ja aasta: Lehekülgede arv: 45 Bakalaureusetöö Mai 2012 Lisad: 7 ...
Handbook of Meat Processing Handbook of Meat Processing Fidel Toldrá EDITOR A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication Edition first published 2010 © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Editorial Office 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book, please see our website at www.wiley.com/ wiley-blackwell. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Blackwell Publishing, provided that the base fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Cent...
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