Sissejuhatus Common law' mõistet võib kasutada erinevates tähendustes. Selle lai tähendus hõlmab kõigigis Anglo Ameerika maades eksisteerivat õigusnormide, tavade, juriidiliste protseduuride ja pretsedentide kogumit.1 Kitsamas môttes aga kujutab common law endast üldise ôiguse ja ôiglase ôiguse normide kogumit, mis on loodud kohtute ôigusmôistmise käigus ja nende poolt rakendatavat tavaôigust. Common law kujunemine algas sellest, et avalikku vôimu omavad inimesed lahendasid ôigusemôistmise teel juriidilis probleeme. Seejuures muutus juba kord tehtud kohtulahend common law osaks ning oli siduv uute analoogsete probleemide lahendamisel (pretsedent). 2 Common law kui pretsedendile rajaneva õigussüsteemi kujunemise traditsiooniliseks algoritmiks on kohtuotsustele antud siduv jõud ning kohtute sõltumatus muude võimalike õiguse allikate suhtes. Common law all mõistetakse erinevaid nähtusi, millest ainult üks võimalus on seotud siduva ko...
1.Common law A common law legal system is a system of law characterized by case law which is law developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals a common law system is based on legal precedents. The roots of the common law legal systems can be traced back to the first common law system created in England during the Middle Ages. Today, most countries that once had ties to England, including the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and Hong Kong, to name a few, operate under common law. Aside from Great Britain, the majority of the countries in Europe operate under a version of civil law modeled after the Roman legal system created centuries ago In a common law system, the law is created by precedents set after judges decide actual cases. When a judge hears a case that has a new issue in it, the judge makes a decision regarding the issue in the case. That decision then becomes a precedent that must be followed by o...
TOPICS For the PRELIM Year 1 Put down 10-12 relevant terms and retell about: 1. Prescriptive and descriptive law Prescriptive law – prescribe how people ought to behave Descriptive law – describes the way people or natural phenomena behave Break the law – do something illegal Penalty – punishment Government – system by which a state or community is controlled Law – the system of rules System of courts – all judicial institutions Enforce – to make people obey the law Authority – a group of people with official responsibility for a particular area of activity /the moral or legal right or ability to control Prescribe – to tell someone what they must have or do, or to make a rule of something Impose The word law can have several meanings, it can be divided into prescriptive and descriptive law. Descriptive law – describes the way people or natural phenomena behave, e. g. law of gravity Prescriptive law – prescribe how people...
11.02.09 INGLISE KEEL Palju aega läheb. 10 nädalat aint. One of the ESP courses. What we are going to do, what is needed: · What we do - 1 test, on words. · 2 Essays, that means that we have to look into academic writing · Homereading we read a case from European Court of Justice thingy. · Oral thing. · 90% you have to attend · Have to prepare for class and take part of it etc What we learn: Terms Expressions / collocations (nt obey/abide by the law) Explaining AWOL absence without a leave Legal English can be divided into 3 levels. We learn the first one, which is needed for the other two! You have to know the vocabulary etc. Second level has to do with legal contracts... The third level both 1 and 2 and explaining... We learn the vocabulary + explaining. Process of law-making draft law/bill (seaduseelnõu) is developed draft is sent to the parl...
descriptive law (kirjeldav õigus) - laws which simply describe how people or even natural phenomenas usually behave nation (riik) - country with its own goverment citizen (kodanik) - person native of a country; realationship between country and a person stranger (välismaalne) - person who is unfamiliar, from another country penalty (karistus) - punishment fixed by law, as for a crime or from any soical groups goverment (valitsus) - organization which controlls a stre or community System of Courts (kohtusüsteem) - organization applying law in the name of states to commit a crime (kuritegu läbi viima) - breaking a law, usually given out by the goverment fine (trahv) - certain sum of money person pays for breaking a law corruption (korruptsioon) - dishonest or unethincal conduct by a person entrusted with a position of authority suspension (kõrvaldamine) - form of punisment that people recieve for violating rules and regulations Civil Acti...
Scotlan History The history of Scotland begins around 10,000 years ago, when humans first began to inhabit Scotland after the end of the Devensian glaciation, the last ice age. Of the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age civilization that existed in the country, many artifacts remain, but few written records were left behind.People lived in Scotland for at least 8,500 years before recorded history dealt with Britain. The written history of Scotland largely begins with the arrival of the Roman Empire in Britain, when the Romans occupied what is now England and Wales, administering it as a Roman province called Britannia. To the north was territory not governed by the Romans -- Caledonia, by name. Its people were the Picts. From a classical historical viewpoint Scotland seemed a peripheral country, slow to gain advances filtering out from the Mediterranean fount of civilisation, but as knowledge of the past incr...
Õiguse entsüklopeedia Raul Narits · Õigusteaduse ülesandeks on õiguse kui reaalselt ekststeeriva sotsiaalse fenomeni igakülgne ja süsteemne uurimine selle kriitilise interpretatsiooni ja esitatud seisukohtade argumentatsiooni abil · Enesekriitika, argumentatsioon, kriitika, julgus, enesekindlus · Edukalt elamisek: teadmised, tahtmine, julgus · Instutio õigustekstide lugemine · Instructio õigustekstide asjakohaste kommentaride kuulamine · Oluline õigustekst on seadus · Mandri-Euroopalik õiguskultuur, Common law: · common law case law, maailma õigusruum, selle tekkimine on peamiselt seotud Inglismaaga, pretsedendiõigus, tänapäeval levinud üle maakera, Angloameerikaõiguskultuut, Londoni kohtute poolt loodud õigus, üldine õigus · Ius non scriptum kirjutamata õigus · Lisaks kohtutele tekkisisd kantslerid Islamin õigus: · Teoloogia, mida uskuda ja püh...
The British Parliament The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the British Parliament,Westminster Parliament or simply "Westminster". The British constitution has envolved over many centuries and unlike many other nations, the UK has no single constitutional documents. But Britain does, however, have certain important constitutional documents, including Magna Carta, Bill of Rights and Reform Act. It is formed partly by statue law, partly by common law and partly by conventions. Fundamental law doesn´t exist in the United Kingdom. There can be distinguish three separate organs: the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. Parliament, the law-making body, consists of three elements: the Monarchy, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. They meet together only on occasions of ceremonial significance, such as the state opening of Parli...
Tartu Ülikool Õigusteaduskond Referaat Caenegem, R. C. van. ,,European law in the past and in the future" alusel Euroopa ühtsest õigussüsteemist Seminarijuhendaja: Maie Ruus Tartu 2012 Euroopa ühtsest õigussüsteemist Sissejuhatus Teoses ,,European Law in the Past and the Future: Unity and Diversity over Two Millennia" käsitleb Raoul Van Caenegem Euroopa õiguse arengut kahe aastatuhande jooksul. Ta arutleb, miks Euroopa õigus on olnud kord killustunum, kord ühtsem, ning heidab ajaloo abil pilgu ka tulevikku. Raoul van Caenegem on Belgia ajaloolane ja endine Ghenti Ülikooli professor. 1974. aastal pälvis ta oma keskaja õigust käsitlevate uurimuste eest ,,Francqui auhinna". Caenegem on õppinud süvendatult nii kontinenta...
advokaatide juhedaja - instructing solicitors for prosecution and defence alaealiste kohus - Juvenile court armuandmine - Mercy edasikaebamine - Appeal haldusõigus - Administrative law/ public law juriidilisele kaitsele - Judicial protection kaitse - Defence kaitsja - Councel for the defence kannatav pool - Injured party karistama - Punish karistust andma/täide viima - Meting out punishment karm karistus a harsh sentence kautsjon - Bail kirjalik laim - Libel kirjutatud seadus/parlamendi aktidel põhinev seadus - Statute law/statutory law kohtu asja võitma win a case kohtuametnik - Court officer kohtuistung - Trila kohtulikule arutamisele minema go on treial kohtunik - Judge kohtuotsus - Verdict kohtuotsust määrama - Passes sentences kohtus tunnistust andma appear in court as a witness kohtusse ilmuma appear in court kooskõlas - In conformity with kriminaal - Criminal kriminaalhooldusametnik - probation Office kriminaaljuurdlus ...
I teema. Õiguse eelastmed ja õiguse mõiste 1. Õiguse eelastmed (arhailine õigus). 2. Kirjutatud ja kirjutamata õigus (ius scriptum, ius non scriptum). 3. Õiguse tähistamine. 4. Õiguse idee (õiglus, õiguskindlus, eesmärgipärasus). 5. Positiivne õigus. 6. Subjektiivne õigus. 7. Õigus kui normatiivne kommunikatsioon. 8. Positiivne õigus ja õiglus. 9. Mandri-euroopalikul õiguskultuuril põhinevad õiguse valdkonnad (eraõigus, avalik õigus, karistusõigus). 10. Euroopa Liidu õiguse üldine iseloomustus. H. Ylikangas. Miks õigus muutub? Tartu, 1993, lk 7-14 R. Narits. Õiguse entsüklopeedia. Tallinn, 2004, lk 17-49 T. Anepaio, A. Hussar, K. Jaanimägi, S. Kaugia, K. Land, V. Olle, P. Roosma. Sissejuhatus õigusteadusesse. Loengud. Tallinn, Juura AS, 2005, lk 17-28. 1. Õiguse eelastmed Õiguse eelastmeteks on moraal ja tava objektiivses tähenduses. Need on sotsiaalsed harjumused, mis korrastasid inimkäitumist. Moraal ja tava on üldise iseloomuga ning...
· Hobbes leviathan · Locke second treatise of government · Rousseau - social contract · Montesquieu - The Spirit of the Laws · Kant idea for a universal history from a cosmopolitan point of view · Hegel - philosophy of right Key dates 1603 Shakespear's King Lear , Death of the Queen Elizabeth 1. 1618-48 The Thirty Year's War 1649 Execution of Charels 1 of England, Establishment of Oliver Cromwell's Prodecorate 1651 Hobbes' Leviathan(1588-1679) 1660 The Restoration of Charels 2. as king of England 1688 The Glorious Revolution of Willim and Mary in England 1689 John Locke publishes Two Treatises of Goverment 1707 formation of the British Parliament Social Contract philosophy: The reasons for entering a social contract and the responsibilities of the goverment *Hobbes: To preserve one's safety *Locke: To preserve one's safety and property *Rosseau: To preserve one's safety, property and freedom, but to...
Isaac Newton School: Nyo Science School Class 10b Supervisor: Meeli Lepisk Author: Brita Lodi Sir Isaac Newton 16431727 · 25 December 1642(4 January 1643, New Style) , in England · Died 20 March 1727 (aged 84) Sir Isaac Newton 16431727 He is the greatest and most influential scientist who ever lived · Physicist · Mathematican · Astronomer · Natural philosopher · Alchemist · Theologian Early life · He was more interested in making mechanical devices than in studying. · Sundial · Educated at The King's School, Grantham. · In June 1661, he was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge As a students, we know him because.. · He was the first person who invent the 3 laws of motion · Theory of gravitation · Newtonian fluid, nonNewtonian fluid · Newton's theory of color · He invented the early telescope in 1671 Newtons laws in latin ...
1. Mis on õigusajalugu, tema koht õigusteaduse süsteemis.Saab alguse 19saj teisel poolel. Kuulub teoreetiliste õigusrakenduste alla. Objektiks on õiguse möödanikuuurimine. Uurib õigustegelikkust, vanu õigusnorme ja väärtusi. Õigusajaloo kui teaduse eesmärk on rõhuda uurimist ajaloo järele.Õigusajaloo vajalikkuse ja kasulikkuse probleem:1 . Õ i g u s e ku i a re n e v a t e r v i ku m õ i s t m i n e 2 . I m m u u n s u s p o s i t i v i s t l i ku s t a a t i k a e e s t 3.Arusaamine erinevatest õigusest mõtlemise viisidest. 2. Erinevate lähenemiste võimalus õigusajaloo uurimisel ja õpetamisel, õigusajalooperiodiseeringute erinevad alused.Õigusajalugu saab liigendada: 1.universaalne õigusajalugu. 2.partikulaarne õigusajalugu – mille eesmärk onkäsitleda inimsoo teatava osa õiguse ajalugu. Universaalne omakorda jaguneb 1.geograafiline. 2.kronoloogiline –antiigi, keskaja õigusajalugu. Saame ülevaate õigusest ku itervikust. Negatiivne külg ...
Report of SCOTLAND Maiki Joakit 10. klass 2008 Etymology Scotland is from the Latin Scoti, the term applied to Gaels. The Late Latin word Scotia (land of the Gaels) was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to (Gaelic-speaking) Scotland north of the river Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, both derived from the Gaelic Alba. The use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. History Repeated glaciations, which covered the entire land-mass of modern Scotland, have destroyed any traces of human habitation that may have existed before the Mesolithic period. It is believed that the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, as the ice sheet retreated after the last glaciation. Groups of settlers began building the first known permanen...
The Republic of Singapore SilverKera 10.B GAG Some statistics · An island country · Southern tip of the Malay peninsula · Total area of 710 km2and a population of 5 312 400 · Population density 7 315/ km2 · Left-handtraffic A brief history of Singapore · Comes from the Malay wordSingapura · British colony in 1819 · Occupied by Japan in 1942-1945 · 1959 self-governing state · 1963 joined Malaysia · 1965 complete independence Legal system · Legal system based on English common law · Trial by jury removed in 1970 · Caning · Mandatory death penalty · "Possibly the highest execution rate in the world relative to its population" Economy · Location made it an important trading post · In 2011 ranked 2ndfreest economy · Singaporean dollar · Port of Singapore · Worlds highest % of millionaires (1 out of 6) · No minimum wage and high income ineq...
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF OLD ENGLISH - 15 monophtongs, (7 long, 7 short, 1 central), 4 diphtongs, 17 consonants. Free variaton of R, and it was pronounced everywhere. Very much Germanic in character. Quite some special consonants that no longer exist. About morphology: synthetic with numerous aglutinating tendencies. System of tenses Germanic, but with a reduction of tenses. Paradigmatic leveling; Stress shift; Word order; Loan words (Old Norse, Old French). Dual pronouns. Determiners - no separate definite article. Strong and weak verbs. Word order relatively free with tendencies towards SVO. SVO, SOV, VSO most common. Adposition and podposition were both possible (eesliide ja tagaliide). About syntax: clauses were joined much simpler than nowadays, using and, then etc. Because of case syncretion the word order in a sentence became much more important to be able to tell the difference between words. FIRST CONSONANT SHIFT (GRIMM'S L...
EL eksam European Institutions Council of the European Union – Euroopa Liidu Nõukogu (ministrid) - Legislative ja budgetary - Peab läbirääkimisi õigusaktide üle ja võtab need vastu (väga oluline otsustaja) otsustajaks vaja majorityt - Koordineerib liikmesriikide poliitikaid (majandus, haridus, kultuur, tööhõive jne) - Arendab EL ühist välis- ja julgeolekupoliitikat - Sõlmib rahvusvahelisi lepinguid (annab komisjonile volitused pidada EL nimel läbirääkimisi) - Võtab vastu eelarve (koos parlamendiga) - Liikmeteks valitsuse ministrid igast ELi liikmesriigist vastavalt arutamisele kuuluvale poliitikavaldkonnale st esindab riike; permanent representaties (COREPER) - Eesistuja!!! - Asutati 1958 ECSC raames Council of Europe – Euroopa Nõukogu - Rahvusvaheline organisatsioon; 47 riiki Euroopast ja Aasiast - Tegevusvaldkonnad: inimõi...
Ius est ars boni et aequi. ("Õigus- see on õigluse ja headuse kunst") Tutvustus · Lektor: · R. Narits [email protected] 7375977 sekretär; 7375978 Iuridicum I, 303 (Näituse 20-303) 2.09.08 Miks valisin juristi elukutse? hea küsimus. Defeat your enemies with success. "Õiguse entsüklopeedia" - baasõpik, mille peab endale sebima samuti tutvu ainekavaga soovituslik kirjandus: "Õiglus ja hool", "Õiguse tõlgendamise teooria", "Euroopa Liidu õigus", "Miks õigus muutub?", "Õigusteaduse metodoloogia", "Sissejuhatus õigusteadusesse", "Riigikogu toimetised" (ajakiri), "Juridica" (ajakiri), "Juridic International"(ajakiri), SEADUSED- eriti põhiseadus. Põhiseaduse kommenteeritud väljaanne oleks hädasti vaja:) Seadusevihik mis meelde jäi, mis küsimusi tekitas, selle kirjutan üles. Ja olen üldse tubli ja intelligentne. Eksamile tuleb see kaasa võtta. Õiguse entsük...
Name: Chlen Zhopov Subject: Essay Are men better directors than women ? It is common that top executives in big companies are mostly men. But does that necessarily mean that women are not suitable for such responsible, effort and leadership demanding jobs? I do not think so. First of all, I would like to say that this tradition is coming not only from history, but from evolution. In nature, masculine representatives of most species are stronger, more agile and aggressive than feminine representatives, because their biological function is to be the main breadwinners and defenders of their families, while females' main functions are to distribute that bread within the family, raise, feed and look after the progeny. Of course there are exceptions like lions (lionesses do hunting which ensures food for their families), seahorses (males bear the eggs) and some others, but in general law of nature is such. So i...
TRADERUN ANSWERS 1. Have the ENP and EaP been successful in terms of their original goals? Which has been the theoretical logic to cause it? Bring examples! The main idea of the ENP is to offer our neighbours a privileged relationship, building upon a mutual commitment to common values (democracy and human rights, rule of law, good governance, market economy principles and sustainable development). The ENP goes beyond existing relationships to offer political association and deeper economic integration, increased mobility and more people-to- people contacts. The level of ambition of the relationship depends on the extent to which these values are shared. Some examples which steps ENP has made in the field of human rights and which are represented in the report of implementation of the European Neighbourhood Policy about Eastern Partnership: The adherence to the sh...
https://quizlet.com/388172484/inka-test-flash-cards/? i=25w06u&x=1jqY&fbclid=IwAR1qQksMLyeDlPJwkOTW_Fq18r1xJUkZrlbt6nX49ZocC _ojSaZoykYBJXk Prosecutor, judge, sworn advocate, notary NOTARY JUDGE PROSECUTOR SWORN ADVOCATE/ ATTORNEY-AT- LAW WHAT DO THEY A notary public of the A judge presides over The prosecutor has Attorney at law or DO? common law is a a courtroom, hearing three main tasks: attorney-at-law, public...
Introduction and history of the European Union History The European Union is set up with the aim of ending the frequent and bloody wars between neighbours, which culminated in the Second World War. The idea is that countries who trade with one another become economically interdependent and so more likely avoid conflict.The ancestor of the European Union is the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) which was created with the Treaty of Paris (1951) and was signed by France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg and West Germany (total of 6 countries). European Economic Community (EEC) was created with the Treaty of Rome (1958), establishing a customs union (tolliliit). The European Union (EU) was created by the Maastricht Treaty which came into effect on November 1st 1993. Introduction The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union.EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital, enact...
TARTU ÜLIKOOL ÕIGUSTEADUSKOND Eraõiguse osakond Kristjan Joosep Jalakas KARISTUSÕIGUS ISLAMI ÕIGUSKULTUURIS Referaat Õppejõud Lektor Maie Ruus, PhD Lea Leppik Tartu 2019 Sisukord SISSEJUHATUS.........................................................................................................................3 1ISLAMI ÕIGUSE OLEMUS....................................................................................................4 1.1Islami õigussüsteem ja šariaat............................................................................................4 1.2Islami karistusõigus............................................................................................................4 2ISLAMI KARISTUSÕIGUSE AJALUGU JA ARENG...................
1. What is the object of philosophical study? The object of philosophical study is being itself on an abstract level. Everything and nothing can be or exist. Things like colour, nature, material things like a table just are, but the meaning of being in be-ing in itself is unclear. Non Material things can also be or exist. If something is, then it is a being. But what exactly is this IS that we can see or on the opposite can not see? Therefore this is one of the fundamental questions of philosophy. 2. Can you reject solipsism? Solipsism (solus ipse) means nothing exists, therefore everything is an illusion outside of our own minds. I think that it is true that we know WE as in myself exists. But i can not for certain say that the person reading this exists although it might seems like it to me. I think that you really can’t reject solipsism on the whole because you do know that you exists, but can you for certain say t...
Õiguse allikad Sugukonnaõigus Kõige vanemaks õigusallikaks võib pidada tava. Tavaõigus tekkis pika ajaperioodi jooksul teatud inimkoosluse enda sees. Ühiskondoli milleski olulises kokku leppinud ja sellest kokkuleppest peeti ka kinni. Samuti oli õigus see, mida kolmas ja sõltumatu osapool otsustas. Vajadus protsessuaalsete normide järele kerkis esile sugukondlike sõdade ajal. Oluliseks sai süü küsimuse lahendamine. Süü küsimuse lahendamisel toetuti ilmsetele asjaoludele. Otsustavaks muutus, asjade leidmine sündmuskohalt, teolt tabamine jne. Samuti otsiti tuge maagiast kui mingist välisest jõust. Sugukondliku korra organisatsioon mõjutasid kaks olulist mõjurit: füüsiline ja bioloogiline julgeolek. Füüsilise julgeoleku tagamiseks tekkisid konfliktid sugukondade vahel. Samuti piirati sugukondades erinevate isikute vabadusi ja õigusi. Bioloogiline julgeolek seisnes vere pilastuse vältimises. Ühiskonnas keskvõimu puudumine ei andnud ka tava...
Drug addiction Definition ● Drug addiction, also called substance use disorder, is a dependence on a legal or illegal drug or medication. Keep in mind that alcohol and nicotine are legal substances, but are also considered drugs. Consequences of using drugs ● Drug addiction can cause serious, long-term consequences, including problems with physical and mental health, relationships, employment, and the law. Best known drugs ● Cannabis ● Heroin ● Cocaine ● LSD ● Ecstasy Cannabis ● Weed effects include losing interest in health, life, school activities, old friends and goals. Heroin ● Heroin is highly addictive and dangerous. Heroin is injected by a needle which usually is used by many addicts, which causes diseases like HIV to spread. Cocaine ● Cocaine is mostly used ...
EU Internal Market Group Work I: History and Purpose of the Internal Market Please connect terms (numbers) with correct description (letter), for example 17 M 1 Common Market A ... is characterized by free movement of goods between the participating countries, but autonomous external trade policies in relation to non-participants. 2 Comparative B A top-down approach to integration that can be best Advantage explained by market failure. 3 Customs Union C Allows for specialization, specialization leads to ...
The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union where are 27 member states drom European continent. The EU operates through a system of independent institutions and decisions are made by the member countries. EUs population is of over 500 million inhabitants which is 7.3% of the world population, there are 23 different languages and for now 17 countries are using EUs common currency Euro. EU was founded after World War II, when Europe was struggeling in social and political devastations. In 1948 a congress in Hague was held to discuss ideas about the development of European political co-operation. There were many important political figures such as Konrad Adenauer and Winston Churchill. On 9th May in 1950 French Minister of Foreign Affairs proposed that France and the Federal Republic of Germany should combine their coal and steel resources and let other European countries join also. From that on, the 9th of May has been cons...
In England and Wales most school were established by private benefactors and operated as educational carities. Compulsory education was introduced in 1888. Maintained schools follow National Curriculum. National Curriculum core subjects are English, matematics and science. Foundation subjects are design and technology, history, music, art. Children in Englan begin with primary education and it may be divided into Infant and Junior school. After primary school they move secondary school. Nearly 88 pre cent of secondary school pupils in England go to comperhensive schools. After five years of secondary education students take examination in a range of subjects at the level of GCSI (general certificate of secondary edcation) and that marked by independent examination board. Following two years of study, students may take A-level examinationa, which are required for university entrance in the UK. 6-7 % of the children in England go t...
University of Tartu Faculty of Social Sciences and Education Institute of Government and Politics Marie Allikmaa The strategies of creating a dominant party the case of United Russia Tartu 2011 After the collapse of USSR in 1991, many observers expected Russia to develop into a competitive party system. Yet, the reality quickly challenged this view. The developments of party politics in post-Soviet Russia have accurately been described in terms of a pendulum effect, as in the 2000s, Russia's party system did finally begin to take for, but with a remarkable twist. Following the break of one-party rule, Russia's party system became strongly fragmented - during the 1995 parliamentary elections, 43 parties competed for popular votes (McFault 1996: 90). In the 21st century, the pendulum has moved back, ...
Bad Habits Of Youth The gray shades of smokes appearing in the black darkness of midnight fascinate a lot. It even fascinates me as well, as I am also part of a youth. It is not important that only youth is attracted to such things even our elders are as you must have heard this line "Negative attracts more than positive". Now why am I focusing on youth only then? Because youth is the future of our country. It becomes our duty to remove the bad habits of youth. In the start I have given you the outline of the most common bad habit of youth. It is drug addiction of course, it could be smoking and drinking and then it leads a person to the extreme drug addiction. You loose your senses when you don't get proper dose of drugs on time, and time by time your body starts needing more drugs. Your brain starts needing it for keeping your emotions in control. There are several reasons of adopting this habit. Bad habits of youth only start here. ...
TALLINN UNIVERSITY The Law School Law The European Union Law The EU institutions Lecturer: Matti Kauppi Student: Viktoria Gratšjova Tallinn, 2014 The institutions of the European Union form a complex and unique polity and, in determining whether or not this structure and the law making powers granted to each respective institution are inherently undemocratic, it is vital to define what is meant by the term ‘democratic’. In his Gettysburg address Abraham Lincoln referred to a government which was ‘of the people, by the people, for the people’and it is by this criterion that democracy is often judged. These principles are reflected in having equal access to power and in being equal before the law. It must be considered not only whether law making powers are granted to elected persons, but also whether the balance of power between institutions within the...
The Republic of Cameroon Cameroon · A unitary republic of central and western Africa · Bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. · Cameroon's coastline lies on the Bight of Bonny, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. · The country is called "Africa in miniature" for its geological and cultural diversity. History · The territory of present day Cameroon was first settled during the Neolithic · Portuguese sailors reached the coast in 1472 · The German Empire claimed the territory as the colony of Kamerun in 1884 and began a steady push inland. · An economic crisis took effect in the mid-1980s to late 1990s as a result of international economic conditions, drought, falling petroleum prices, and years of corruption, mismanagement, and ...
Units 12-18 1. system of pandects pandektiline süsteem 2. general provisions üldosa 3. law of property asjaõigus 4. family law perekonnaõigus 5. law of sucession pärimisõigus 6. law of obligations võlaõigus 7. General Part of the Civil Code Act TsÜS 8. Law of Property Act AÕS 9. Family Law Act perekonnaseadus 10. Law of Succession Act PäRS 11. Law of Obligations Act VÕS 12. persons and transactions isikud ja tehingud 13. natural persons 14. legal persons 15. passive legal capacity õigusvõime 16. active legal capacity (an ability to independently asume civil rights and incur civil obligations) teovõime 17. live birth elussünd 18. bequeath property pärandama 19. mental state vaimne seisund 20. restricted active legal capacity piiratud teovõime 21. mental illness vaimehaigus 22. mental disability nõdrameelsus 23. mental disorder psüühiline häire (sickness ...
Kehtiva õiguse allikad Mandri-Euroopa õiguskuultuur toetub peamiselt kahele arusaamisele õigusest:loomuõigusele ja positivismile. Õiguskordade kujunemine Kontinentaal-Euroopa riikides annab tunnistust sellest, et õiguse formaalne mõistmine omandas prioriteedi õiguse sisu eest. Olulise koha säilitas ka õiglus. Eesti õiguskord samuti seotud õiguspositivismi ja loomuõigusega. Tuleb teha vahet õiguse kui olemiskorra ja õiguse kui pidamiskorra vahel. Pidamiskord sisaldab endas normativismi. Positiivne olemiskord ei ole mitte ainult olemiskord vaid ta on ka pidamiskord. Õiguskord on normatiivne. Normil on formaalne kehtivus, mis on saavutatud õigusloome kaudu. Õigusnormatiivsus seisneb selles, et on vastavuses põhiseaduses kehtestatud tingimustele ja nõuetele ... Lepingud, mis on vastuolus seadustega, on tühised. TSÜS. Õigusakt peab olema formaalselt õiguspärane: 1. Õigusaktide loomine on seotud neid vastuvõetavate riigiorganite pädev...
PS EL õigus seadused seadlused valitsuse määrused KOV määrused Eesti õiguskord põhineb seadustel. (Pretsedendid, tavaõigus ja doktriinid on teisejärgulised.) Seadused peavad olema vastu võetud vastavalt põhiseaduslikule korrale. Seadus kas Riigikogu poolt või rahvahääletusel vastu võetud kõrgeima juriidilise jõuga õigusakt. Seadustel on ülimuslik iseloom: kõik teised õiguse allikad peavad olema vastavuses seadusest tulenevate nõuetega; seadust saab muuta või tühistada vaid seda vastuvõtnud organ. Kõik seadused tuleb teatavaks teha avaldamise teel. Seadlus - sisuliselt seadusjõuga õigusakt, mille kehtestamise õigus kuulub presidendile. Vastavalt põhiseadusele saab president võtta vastu seadlusi ainult erandlikes olukordades. (Kui Riigikogu ei saa kokku tulla ja ilmnevad edasilükkamatud riiklikud vajadused või kui on kehtestatud riigis eriolukord.) Määrused - valitsuse ja ministrite poolt seaduste alusel ja täitmiseks vastu võetud õ...
1. UN as a world organization The United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, when the UN Charter had been ratified by a majority of the original 51 Member States. The day is now celebrated each year around the world as United Nations Day. The purpose of the United Nations is to bring all nations of the world together to work for peace and development, based on the principles of justice, human dignity and the well-being of all people. It affords the opportunity for countries to balance global interdependence and national interests when addressing international problems. There are currently 192 Members of the United Nations. The Aims of the United Nations: -To keep peace throughout the world. -To develop friendly relations between nations. -To work together to help people live better lives, to eliminate poverty, disease and illiteracy in the world, to stop environmental destruction and to encourage respect for ea...
Crime In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a punishment. The word crime originates from the Latin crimen. Even in society there are always black sheep and these people are called 'criminals'. Estonia is a relatively safe country, although there are some situations, where people should be more careful crime has been increased lately. We could count different type of crimes, but most common are smuggling and robberies. Many people like something, what do not belong to them. On the one hand, news are talking about shoplifting, bank robbery and vandalism. When looking for the reasons why people commit crimes I can only say what I believe to be sure of, and it is that individuals go against laws because they choose so, as criminal behaviour is a matter of choice. People want to have somebody`s things...
Why do people have pets? How often did we go to a friend's house and a lovely dog or cat comes to welcome us? Really often. Nowadays the most part of people keeps a pet at home. According to the common thought, people decide to keep pets for many reasons. Firstly, a lot of old people keeps a pet at home to feel less lonely and to have a companion in their everyday life. Pets keeps occupied a lot of time of their days, doing things such as taking the pet out for a walk or play with them. Moreover, families too choose to have a pet in their lives for many reasons, for instance having their baby feel a lot more confident with animals. Historians don't know for sure when humans started keeping pets. Dogs were one of the first animals domesticated by humans and have been domesticated for some 10,000 years. According to ancient Egyptian law, taking the life of a greyhound warranted the same punishment as ki...
Central Park Central Park is a public park at the center of Manhattan in New York City. The park was opened in 1857. Central Park is one of the world's largest public parks. The area is 3.4 km². It has many bridges, lakes, ponds, plants, trees and in brief, it's just a nice and beautiful place to spend your time and enjoy the beauty of nature. The park gets 35 million visitors every year and it is the most visited urban park in the United States. The park even has its own ''Central Park Carousel'' and ''Central Park Zoo''. There are also : playgrounds , Swedish Cottage Marionette Theatre, rock climbing, ice skating, boathouse cafe, boating and a wooded section of the park called "The Ramble'', where bird lovers can observe many interesting bird species . Central Park, which has been a National Historic Landmark since 1962, was designed by landscape designer and writer Frederick Law Olmsted and the English ar...
Võrdlev õigusteadus eksam 29.05.2011 1. Equity 14. sajandi Inglismaal, kuninglike kohtute arenedes, seisis kohtumõistmise süsteem veel erinevate probleemide ees- esines tunnistajate äraostmist ja hirmutamist, liiga jäika reeglite rakendamist ja erapooletuse mitte kasutamist tulenevalt menetluse osalise staatusest. Sellistele puudustele sooviti leida lahendust. Kuna puudusid kindlad kirja pandud apelleerimisreeglid, hakkasid inimesed, kes arvasid, et neile on ühel või teisel viisil kohtuotsusega liiga tehtud, pöörduma otse Kuninga poole oma muredega, et saada arvamus oma tüli lahendamise kohta ja need pöördumised olid väga erinevas vormis, sest puudus ühtne alus. Kuningas hakkas saatma inimesi, kes siis arvasid, et neid on kuidagi ebaõiglaselt koheldud Kantsleri, kui kõrge ametiisiku jutule, eesmärgiga võimaldada Kantsleril teostada kontrolli oma vastutusala piires. Praktikas hakkasidki osapooled pöörduma o...
TALLINNA ÜLIKOOL Õiguseakadeemia Õigusteaduse õppekava Rooma õiguse fenomen Euroopa õiguse ajaloos Referaat Tallinn 2015 Sissejuhatus Rooma õigus oli aluseks kogu Euroopa õiguskultuuri kujunemisele ilma vaheaegadeta kuni 19. sajandini. Selle kaudne mõju ulatub tänapäevani. Ehkki praeguseks on Rooma õigusest kui niisugusest loobutud ja kõigis riikides rakendatakse oma õigussüsteeme, on need kõik Rooma õigusest tugevasti mõjutatud.Rooma õiguse mõjutused Euroopa õigusele Rooma õiguse ajaloo algusperioodiks loetakse kahte aega. Üks neist on 450 eKr, mil loodi kaheteist tahvli seadused. Teise seisukohana loetakse Rooma õiguse algusajaks 529 eKr, kui loodi Konstantinoopolis imperaator Justinianuse algatusel Corpus iuris civilise seadustekogu, millele ka meie tänapäevased teadmised põhinevad. Tänapäeval ei saa tugineda kaheteist t...
Anglo-norman period (1066-1300) The normans · The name derives from "the Northmen" · Descendants of the Vikings · Seized the north-western part of France · The area known as Normandy · Adopted French customs and Christianity · Norman-French (their version of French). 1066 · Edward the Confessor dies in January · Harold Godwinson crowned as king in Westminster Abbey on the same day · Another candidate for the throne William, Duke of Normandy · Gathered an army · Invasion delayed (bad weather) · Harald, king of Norway, invades England from the North · A battle at Stamford Bridge · Harald's army defeated, leaders killed · The end of the Viking Age · The Normans land in Britain (a few days after Stamford Bridge) · The Battle of Hastings · Harold defeated ...
ACCESS ASSESSMENT COVER SHEET Student Name: Alex Callaghan EC1305063 Course: Access to Humanities Tutor: John Gordon Assessment Title: Critically evaluate Locke's theory of limited government Number of Words 1616 NOTE: The ESSAY should be 1500 words in length. Student signature - Alex Callaghan Date - 24/04/2014 Critically evaluate Locke's theory of limited government The end of law is not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and enlarge freedom. For in all the states of created beings, capable of laws, where there is no law there is no freedom. John Locke Although John Locke is not the progenitor of social contract theory and is not by any means the last philosopher to wrestle with this concept, his views on fiduciary power, majority consent and limited government have been instrumental in western political thought from the time of the publication of his Two treatises of government to the present day. Locke...
The Germanic Invasions Anglo-Saxon invasion During the 5th c. a number of Germanic tribes invaded The Angles, the Saxons, the Jutes Different peoples, but common language and customs Advance halted by King Arthur Distortions of popular history In folklore, myth (and films) a great English hero, an example of medieval nobility and chivalry In fact a Romanized Celt, lived before medieval times, fought the Anglo-Saxons (people who became "the English") Predominated by the end of the 6th c. Kingdoms established: Wessex, Essex, Sussex, Mercia, Northumbria, East Anglia etc. Kingdoms constantly at war with each other Celtic culture and language survived in Scotland, Wales and Cornwall Anglo-Saxon lifestyle A great impact on the countryside Introduced new farming methods Established numerous villa...
1. Who are ghosts? · The energy, soul or personality of a dead person who has somehow gotten stuck between this plane of existence and the next · Those persons has often died as a result of some tragedy or trauma · It´s believed that those ghosts don´t know they are dead · Also known as "intelligent hauntings," these ghosts exist in a kind of limbo state in which they haunt the scenes of their deaths or locations that were pleasant to them in life. Limbo is kind of a pre-hell state · When psychics say, they can communicate with them, and when they do, they often try to help these spirits to understand that they are dead and to move on to the next stage of their existence. · Messengers - the most common ghosts. · These spirits usually appear shortly after their deaths to people close to them to bring comfort to the loved ones. · Messengers are aware of their deaths and can int...
1. Avalik-õiguslikud suhted põhinevad alluvusel ehk subordinatsioonil – riik on nendes kõrgemal kohal. Eraõiguslikud suhted põhinevad poolte võrdsusel ehk koordinatsioonil – pooled on suhetes täpselt ühte moodi võrdsed. 2. Eraautonoomia ehk lepinguvabadus. Isikud on vabad looma ja sõlmima mistahes lepinguid, kui need ei ole vastuolus seaduse, hea usu ja mõistlikkuse või avaliku korraga. 3. Bona fides – tuleb tegutseda heas usus Pacta sun servanda – lepingud on selleks, et neid täita; lepingut tuleb asutada Numerus clausus – ammendav loetelu ehk kõik, mis on seaduses loetletud, on kohustulik, mida seaduses kirjas pole, on lubatud. 4. Common Law õigussüsteem kehtib peamiselt inglise keelt kõnelevates riikides ja põhineb tavaõigusel. Kodifitseeritud õigus kui selline puudub (v.a põhiseaduse tekst ja veel mõned dokumendid), õigust luuakse pretsedentidele ehk varasematele kohtulahenditele tuginedes. 5...
Lady's slipper Common names: American Valerian, Moccasin Flower, Nerveroot, Whippoorwill's-shoe and Yellow Indian Shoe. Bionominal name- Cypripedium pubescens. The plant comes into flowering age only after 10-15 years. Height is 12-30 inches tall. Are found across much of North America, as well as in parts of Europe. This plant grows in the wild in forest lands and meadows, but owing to excessive harvesting, lady's slipper is seldom found growing in the wild. However, to a certain extent, this herb is also cultivated. This plant has only 2 leaves. The color of lady's slipper flowers varies from yellowish to purplish- brown and are borne at the top of an elongated stalk. One petal of the flower changes into a structure akin to a yellow sac, known as the `slipper'. The herb has a plump rootstock that gives rise to numerous curved stems covered with bristles. The stems bear alternate leaves and typical golde...
1) General facts The UK: * the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland was formed in 1801 * it covers 243,610 sq km * everybody from the UK is called British * the capital city is London * is made up of four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland which in turn are divided into counties * the flag is called the Union Jack which is a combination of the flags of England, Scotland and Northern Ireland * the population is about 60,000,000 people, the population density is 242 people/sq km * its coasts are washed by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea, Saint George's Channel, and the Irish Sea. It is linked to France by the Channel Tunnel * the United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who is also the Queen and Head of State of fifteen other Commonwealth Realms, such as Can...
annaabi.ee 
Sisene Facebook'ga
Sisene Google'ga
Sisene LinkedIn'ga
