Stages of democratization The old regime breaks down. New democratic structures are built. Initial fragility These new structures become embedded; their removal is unthinkable: `consolidation'. Structural factors : Factors that are `unchangeable' or change slowly; `preconditions' · Historical · Economic · Political W. Germany 1950s: educated, literate population, but residue of authoritarian attitudes, poor experience of Weimar democracy? E. Germany 1990s: educated, literate, good knowledge of West German system (relatively) easy adaptation once East German state collapsed Mexico: as economy developed did potential for democratic structures increase? South Africa: little apparent scope for change? Transitions theory 1. liberalization of authoritarian rule 2. civil society pushes the boundari...
3. These new structures become embedded; their removal is unthinkable: `consolidation'. Structural factors : Factors that are `unchangeable' · Historical · Economic · Political Agential factors: Decisions and calculations made by individuals Or the personalities of certain individuals Most `older' theories of democratization emphasized structural change eg revolution in Russia or China; democratization in the UK & USA In the 1990s, theories began to emphasize `agential' factors or eg the rise of solidarity in Poland, Vaclev Havel in Czechoslovakia, the downfall of Pinochet in Chile were thought to have been contingent on the presence of particular people as leaders or groups of people who were able to make pacts and arrange for transfer of power.
7. Fish, S. (2001). Putin's Path, The Journal of Democracy, 12(4), 71-78 8. Gel'man, V. (2006), From Feckless Pluralism to Dominant Power Politics?, The Transformation of Russia's Party System", 13(4), 545561 9. Gel'man, V. (2008). Party Politics in Russia: From Competition to Hierarchy, Europe- Asia Studies, 60(6), 913-930 10. Greene, K.F. (2008). Dominant Party Strategy and Democratization, American Journal of Political Science, 52(1), 1631 11. Lemaître, R. (2006). The Rollback of Democracy in Russia after Beslan, Review of Central and East European Law, 31(1), 369-411 12. McFault, M. (1996). The Vanishing Centre, Journal of Democracy, 7(2), 90-104 13. of Russia's Party System", 13(4), 545561 14. Peregudiov, S.P. (2009). The Russian Political System After the Elections of 2007 2008: stabilizing and Destabilizing Factors, 47(6), 47-87 15. Remington, T
which replaces the former EU-Ukraine Action Plan. A dedicated and regular EU- Republic of Moldova Human Rights Dialogue was launched in March 2010. The EU and Armenia launched a dedicated and regular Human Rights Dialogue in December 2009. The EU and Georgia further consolidated their exchange on human rights, with three dedicated meetings held so far. The EU welcomed Azerbaijan's readiness to engage in a regular dialogue on human rights issues and democratization. There are also steps in the environmental matter. There have been 44 projects in order to improve the Mediterranean Sea`s condition. Also the co-operation in the field of energy have had great results. One is definately oil and gas pipelines. I think that very important things have been done but still many goals have not been achieved. Good examples are also Moldova`s first joint EU visa application centre and free trade area in Ukraine
Teaduspublikatsioonid: Kalmus, V., Lauristin, M., Pruulmann-Vengerfeldt, P. (toim). Eesti elavik 21.sajandi algul: ülevaade uurimuse Mina.Maailm.Meedia tulemustest. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, 400 lk. Kirss, T., Kõresaar, E., Lauristin, M. (toim). She Who Remembers Survives: Interpreting Estonian Women's Post-Soviet Life Stories. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, 346 lk. Lauristin, M. Social Contradictions Shadowing Estonian "Success Story". Demokratizatsiya. The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, 11, 4, Fall 2003, 601-616. 7 Lauristin, M & Heidmets, M (toim), The Challenge of the Russian Minority: Emerging Multicultural Democracy in Estonia. Tartu: Tartu University Press, 2002, 398 lk. Vihalemm, P. & Lauristin, M. Estonian Media and Media Research in 1991-2001. Working Papers in International Journalism, 2002, 1, 7-39. Lauristin, M. The Social Development of Estonia. In Klöcker, G. (Ed.), Ten Years after the Baltic States Re-entered the International Stage
4. The Victorian novel and Charles Dickens · What kind of trend is literary realism? Literary realism is the accurate observation of individual problems and social relationships. · What were the main issues that the Victorian novel dealt with? The Victorian novel dealt with the economic and social changes that the Industrial Revolution had created, mass migration of workers to industrial towns(people lived in new urban slums), more radical changes in the 19th century, democratization resulting from extension of the franchise(valimisõigus), challenges to religious faith, advances on the field of science (scientific knowledge) evolution; one of the main issues was changes in the role of women. · What were the four controversies that concerned the Victorian novelists? Describe them briefly. Name some representatives and their works of each of the controversies. Religion and evolution Charles Darwin(religious doubt)
narrative content in modernism art. He was influenced by Renaissance art. His paintings exhibit human warmth, energy, power and dynamism. His cultural viewpoint is simplistic. Subsidiary artists: Charles Burchfield, Grant Wood. Social Realism. Social Realism arose as a reaction to the political and economic crisis. This drove artists to seek a new cultural identity. Hopelessness and government sponsorship spurred an art which was primarily concerned with social themes. The process of democratization of the arts resurfaced again after the Civil War. The government employed artists to decorate municipal building, banks and other public edifices. Variations on primitive expression also returned to the fore. Black artists gained self-confidence. Artists: Ben Shahn, Jack Levine, Romare Bearden, Jacob Lawrence. 5 Expressionism. Expressionism is distinguished by strong subjectivity, brilliant colors and violence
narrative content in modernism art. He was influenced by Renaissance art. His paintings exhibit human warmth, energy, power and dynamism. His cultural viewpoint is simplistic. Subsidiary artists: Charles Burchfield, Grant Wood. Social Realism. Social Realism arose as a reaction to the political and economic crisis. This drove artists to seek a new cultural identity. Hopelessness and government sponsorship spurred an art which was primarily concerned with social themes. The process of democratization of the arts resurfaced again after the Civil War. The government employed artists to decorate municipal building, banks and other public edifices. Variations on primitive expression also returned to the fore. Black artists gained self-confidence. Artists: Ben Shahn, Jack Levine, Romare Bearden, Jacob Lawrence. 5 Expressionism. Expressionism is distinguished by strong subjectivity, brilliant colors and violence
The Rise and Demise of the New Public Management Wolfgang Drechsler (University of Tartu and Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia) © Copyright: Wolfgang Drechsler 2005 Within the public sphere, the most important reform movement of the last quarter of a century has been the New Public Management (NPM). It is of particular interest in the post-autistic economics (pae) context because NPM largely rests on the same ideology and epistemology as standard textbook economics (STE) is based (for my take on this, see Drechsler 2000), and it has had, and still has, similar results. Already more on the defensive within public administration (PA) than STE is within economics, NPM also shows that such major paradigm shifts in theory and policy may actually happen. In addition, it occasionally appears that pae-oriented scholars have overlooked the fact that some features in public management refo...
Lähtuvalt üldisest monarhia aristokraatia demokraatia huvist Lähtuvalt türannia või oligarhia demokraatia isiklikust huvist despootia (ohlograatia) Demokraatial ongi kaks poolt kõik saame kaasa rääkida, kõik saavad hääletada. See on nagu sisseprogrammeeritud vastandlikkus. Demokraatia kui rahva valitsus rahva üle ja rahva heaks. Democratization ei ole demokratiseerimine vaid on massipärasus. · Demokraatia kui teaduse ese a. Politoloogia erinevad valitsemissüsteemid, demokraatia taustaküsimused, toimimisviisid on siin esiplaanil b. Empiiriline sotsiaalteadus avaliku arvamuse küsitlus. c. Filosoofia küsib, kas demokraatia on õigustatud? Kas on põhjendatud, et elame demokraatlikus riigis? Miks demokraatia, miks mitte midagi muud? d
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